Public policy administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Public policy administration - Essay ExampleThe opponents of the bill ar the republicans who state that the passage of the bill would add to the budget deficit of the US government. The Democrats counter this by stating that the boilers suit budget gap would be lesser by $100 Billion if the bill is passed and hence they are asking for support in pushing the bill through.Both sides of the debate on reforming health tutorship as well as continuing the status quo are vocal and vehement in their stance. The PBS (2009) website gives and evidence of this, while the proponents of Health Care reform call for the state to play a to a greater extent proactive role and the insurers to cover pre-existing conditions and make the process of claims easier, the opponents are adamant that this would erode the scrap of the service providers. This is akin to the debate on patents for new drugs that is on similar lines with one side insisting that drug costs be lowered and the other side touting t he benefits of research and development essential for the breakthrough of new drugs. (Pbs.org, 2009)After considering the various options, it is my personal opinion that the Health Care reform bill must(prenominal) be passed. In order to stem the rising tide of medical expense related bankruptcies and the improver in the number of people non covered under the existing system, the proposed legislation must be passed. As a US Citizen, I want to ensure that I am taken care of when ill and would also like the same for others as well. If we consider the issue from an ethical perspective, it makes it clear that we should not deny medical care to the needy for whatever reason that the health care system presently does.The Huffington Post (2009) states that 1 in every 5 bankruptcies in the US are because of reasons to do with medical expenses being too much for the families to take (Huffington Post, 2009). Further, the data from the OECD website (2009) also talks about how a one milli on million people are pushed into the ranks of the uninsured every year as

Pricing Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pricing Decisions - Essay Example article 5 aims to find out the methods of reach prices which are dominating Slovenian business practice. Introduction The articles deal with the determine practices and strategies in various businesses. As stated in article 1, the businesses and consumers have perfect knowledge of the marketplace but actually they pretermit the perfect knowledge. This makes the establishment of a determine policy necessary. word 2 is based on examining price for impudent product price decisions. It is essentially the study of the three pricing practices with respect to competition, costs, and customer value. Article 3 states that products have been divided into four categories such(prenominal) as specialty, preference, convenience, and shopping. The research in this article is basically on the pricing strategy for the various product categories. The relevant strategy was selected as per the literature of the theme that is penetration and skimming strategy. Ar ticle 4 deals with the pricing of a short license for software product service. Earlier, firms in this industry used to do the pricing based on the usage of resources. As computer hardware became fast and cheap the business model remained no more significant. With the recent spread of complex initiative software, the cost of software maintenance and deployment has increased again. Therefore, the pricing scheme had been termed as subscription pricing. Article 5 states that pricing is not the most important but is just one of the elements of marketing mix. Inspite, managers complain quite practically about the problems and pressures arising due to pricing of competitors, it is stated in the article that pricing is rarely a problem. It states that pricing should be such that the perceived value of the product or service should supersede the perceived price. richness of the study Article 1 focuses on determining whether small firms use the same established sparing principles that e conomists rely on while explaining the behavior of large firms with regards to pricing strategies and objectives. The study basically is conducted in dress to determine whether the economic principles are appropriate for small businesses or not. Article 2 is significant because it deals with the aspects of new product pricing practices. The research paper assesses the ways pricing can be done for a new product. It is important from the perspective of a manager as its becoming difficult for managers to analyze the reject price for the value they are providing to their consumers. Article 3 deals with the aspects of pricing of various product categories which could help action the corporate objectives of the firm. It is important because pricing should be done on the use of the product. The product category such as convenience products cannot be priced higher as because of the presence of many low cost maker firms in the industry. The research is ideal for serving as a starting poi nt for a create a framework of corporate objectives, pricing strategies, and product categories. Article 4 is important because it is related to software pricing. The pricing strategy the researchers are focusing on is basically usage-based pricing wherein the firms will be equal to(p) to acquire low usage consumers as they do not have to pay more than they use. Article 5 is important as the research is on pricing based on cost or customer. Literature Review Paper 1 In the year 2011, Dunn et.al conducted a study on

Summary of the six main charcters in the poisonwood bible Essay

compend of the six main charcters in the poisonwood bible - Essay ExampleHe refused to let his family migrate from Kilanga at a time when whites were facing persecutions, putting the family through fear of persecution and psychological torture.She is wife to Nathan. She is protective. Her detailed actions accept ensuring that the family is safe from harm, both from illnesses or hostilities. By being protective, she appears to put the interests of her family before her own. She is also realistic. Despite not having accomplished their mission in the Congo, she assessed the situation rightly and recognized the danger that their being there posed. She responded by requesting her husband to return with the family to Mississippi, a request that he severally denied. She is also cognizant of the misgivings of her husbands mission and the missions of other whites in the Congo.She is the eldest daughter of Nathan and Orleanna. She is truculent by character. She confronted the request to marr y Tata Ndu the headsman by throwing a fit. She is also depicted as being selfish. She is involved in a kin with a mercenary whose intentions are clear to her overthrow the government to gain access to resources. She continued her kindred with Axelroot despite knowing his evil role, so her family could move from the Congo.She is also daughter to Nathan. She is shown as a all-encompassing individual. Despite her racial background and interactions with white suitors, she chose to marry Anatole, the black teacher. She is realistic. Leah is able to recognize the fact that political, sparing and racial injustices are occurring in the Congo, and remains sensitive to them.She is twins with Leah, and unwilling to speak. She is intelligent. She participated in high-level question on deadly diseases, including ebola and AIDS. She initially suffers an inferiority complex. In the beginning, before she could recover from her handicap, she feels

Sweatshops & Anti Sweatshop Movement Assignment

Sweatshops & Anti Sweatshop Movement - appellation ExampleThis essay discusses that sweatshop workers a good dealtimes labor long hours for very low correct, despite of laws mandating overtime pay or a lowest amount wage. Child labor laws may be debased, or sweatshops may have dangerous materials and situations. Employees may be issued to employer mistreatment without an easy way, if any way, to protect themselves. The anti-sweatshop movement in the U.S. and different developed economies has, in recent years, effort to use consumer boycotts to eliminate sweatshop working conditions and child labor in less developed economies. Unions and college student associations have been leading the drive for sweatshop boycotts. The anti-sweatshop movement acknowledged a commodious deal of well-liked attention when it was found that Kathie Lee Giffords garments company had engaged Honduran sweatshop workers to manufacture her line of habilitate for Walmart. Roughly 10% of the workers enga ged in this task were amid the ages of 13 and 15. A 75-hour workweek was the standard in these factories. When this became revealed, Kathie Lee Gifford condemned these sweatshops and affirmed that she was unin organise of the working conditions in these factories. In reaction to the anti-sweatshop movement, several organizations have been formed or have extended their roles to observe working conditions in less urbanized countries. Among the major organizations service this function are the Workers Rights Consortium (WRC), the Fair Labor Association (FLA), Verit, and Social Accountability International (SAI).... Critics of sweatshops controversy that the minor gains made by employee of some of these organizations are overshadowed by the negative costs such as poor wages to augment profit margins and that the institutions pay less than the severyday expenses of their workers (Archon Fung, Dara ORourke, Charles F. Sabel, 2008 ). Often times, economists are inquired about sweatshops. Individuals often believe that sweatshops are ethically wrong and thus question why they exist. However, they are not ethically wrong. In fact, sweatshops are in reality one of the first optimistic signs of growth for those in growth countries (Raymond C. Miller, 2008). It is difficult to describe a low wage. Americans often gasp at the earnings for which those in developing countries are eager to work. A low wage by American standards does not essentially convey it a low wage. One must evaluate the wage by the standards in the nation in which it is being compensated In the United States $5 per hour would be deemed an objectionable wage because it is below our minimum wage. Likewise, the citizens of the United States enjoy a privileged standard of living. Those who are measured poor compose drive cars and own televisions. However, in other nations this is not the case. In developing countries, the main apprehension is often food and shelter. When the standards of living are so little, the money can go a lot further. financial support Reasons Sweatshops are also main signs of escalation in developing nations. As much and more of these shops unlock, more and more individuals can locate work. The rivalry for labor will persist to push wages higher. This boost in employment and

Advertisements analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertisements analysis - Essay ExampleAccording to Fowles, 15 basic brain centers atomic number 18 targeted including the need for sex, affiliation, nurture, etc (18) in order to have the longingd impact. Advertising agencies are continually looking for new and fresh ideas that have not been d wiz before and at the like time, are stimulating to the minds of their target audiences. The main aim of an advertisement by appealing to the needs and drives of muckle is to induce them to respond in a certain way, mostly to make a get. While mingled techniques are employed so as to get the audiences attention, the most common one has been to trigger an singles need for sex. Such Freudian advertising uses an individuals subconscious mind sexual desires in order to appeal them. One of the print advertisements to be run in capital of Singapore by Burger faggot also employed Freudian advertising methods (Steinberg, n.pag.). Though the print advertisement did not display outstanding gra phics, imagery, or lighting, it definitely appealed to the masses due to the presence of a suggestive sitling and her sensual pose. It has made use of various graphic elements so as to create the desired personnel on its watchmans. Therefore, the advertisement successfully brought the food chain giant high sales from its customers. The Burger King Freudian print advertisement did not only use an erotic visual imagery but also contains lewd texts and slogans along with it. The print advertisement shows the Burger King super septenary incher sandwich and an amorous deterrent example right next to the sandwich. The model has worn bright red lip stick and has an open back talk just to the left of the sandwich depicting a great eating experience. The face expression of the model is intentionally kept such that it demonstrates the mind blowing experience of eating a seven inch Burger King sandwich. To the top right is the Burger King logo followed by its tag line It just tastes bett er (Steinberg, n.pag.). The find out taking lighting has been edited to be darker on the right side of the advertisement which displays the Burger King logo and its seven inch sandwich. Towards the left is the erotic model with an open mouth as if she was going to engulf the pleasant-tasting seven incher sandwich. The print advertisement seems to have been heavily modified and edited using a information processing system graphics program in order to adjust the lighting and the various elements of the advertisement. The sandwich is especially shown in great detail so as to trigger a hunger flavour within the viewer of the advertisement, targeting his need basic for the physiological component food. This induces a person to feel the hunger and hence purchase a Burger King super seven incher sandwich. This tactic effectively attracts the attention of the viewer and creates a desire within him to go and purchase their sandwich thereby bringing Burger King great returns in name of profits. 2. The Burger King print advertisement has made use of various visual elements to motivate them to buy the dainty super seven incher sandwich. The sandwich is deliberately positioned to the right side where it is easily viewable by the audiences. The picture taking has particularly captured a fresh and juicy sandwich that is sure to induce a strong feeling of hunger. In case the viewer is already hungry, the picture of a supersized sandwich would conjure up images of a hearty Burger King meal. In particular, the advertisement is trying to focus on the mind blowing aspect of the sandwich. The picture of the sandwich deliberately shows quite a lot of detail about the sandwich including its ingredients and other additives. An individual can notice the sauce dripping down the sides and other tempting ingredients. The lighting is relatively darker

Canadian law and politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadian law and politics - Essay ExampleThe position of criminal law authority reversed the earlier decision in the case of Industrial Acceptance Corp. v. The Queen 1953 2 S.C.R. 273, in which the court had agreed that the Narcotic maneuver Act was constitutional under criminal power. The proceeding of the case in R. V. Hauser focused on thought-provoking the restrictions to the jurisdiction of federal criminal law. This commentary examines the federal parliamentary legislation and tyke power on criminal laws in Canada and the validity of Narcotic reckon Act as discussed in the case of R. V. Hauser.The federal criminal code 1959 empowered the provincial attorneys through provincial court to powers to petition the attorney general or his agent to institute prosecution against the offenders (Roman, 2007). However, the amendment delegated the federal state powers to prosecute offenses under Narcotic Control Act thus causing conflicts concerning the federal and provincial attorney s power to prosecute offenders. S.91 (27) defines the federal powers in plaque of criminal matters and enforcing criminal law. The constitution does not impose any prohibitions on federal for a provincial prosecutor in narcotic offenses (Laskin, 1980, p 564). In R. V. Hauser, the respondent was accused of being in self-discipline of cannabis resin and cannabis (marijuana) for the purpose of trading contrary to the Narcotic Control Act s. 4(2). The refer signed by the agent of Attorney General of Canada. The respondent moved the prohibitions by challenging the authenticity of the constitution in the definition Attorney General as stipulated in the in s.2 of the Criminal canon (Roach et al., 2004). The case was terminated in the first hearing, but it gained support under majority decision in the court of appeal in Supreme Court of Alberta. In the appeal issue raised was to contest the legitimacy of parliament of Canada to make legislations that empower Attorney

Demand and price elasticity of demand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Demand and price elasticity of essential - study ExampleIn the case of Bordeaux, the consumers had proposed a low wine price. This implies that reducing the price of the wine testament make the commodity be more affordable to the consumers (Sheffrin, B. 2003). This would increase the admit of the harvest thus increase its supply. Increase in the supply of Bordeaux wine would increase the number of sales. Price elasticity of a commodities contain involves a measure that is used in economies in showing the elasticity responsiveness of the quantity of the reaping that is demanded towards a change in the wares price. In this respect, it provides the percentage change of the quantity of the product that is demanded to follow a response to a change in the price. Price elasticity can be considered to be negative despite the fact that analysis would always ignore the negative sign leash to ambiguity (Peters, K. 2006). A positive price elasticity of demand occurs in a case where the products do not satisfy the law of demand. In this respect, the demand of the wine would be said to be inflexible when the price elasticity of demand (PED) is below one. This implies that the price changes have a significantly smaller strength on the count of wine that is demanded. On the other hand, the demand of Bordeaux wine would be said to be elastic whenever the price elasticity of is more than one. This means that the changes in the commodities price would greatly influence the amount of the wine that is demanded. In the case of Bordeaux wine, the demand of the product could be said to be elastic. This is so because the demand of this wine is strongly affected by changes in price. Therefore, increasing the price of the product would reduce the demand of the product where as reducing the price of the product would have an effect of increasing demand of the product (Knugman, R. 2005). It is for this reason that the merchants who were contacted through The Times argue that t hey could only accept the wine when the price of the wine is reduce to about ?95 in 2008 for the best brands compared with the ?318 in 2007 vintage (Sage, A. & Pavia, W. 2009). These investors argue out that when the price of wine is higher than the proposed one, in that respect would be no customers. This is a clear indication that the demand of Bordeaux wine was elastic. partition B. The amount of the wine demanded is normally a strong component of its price. A case study make to find out the quantity of the wine demanded at various price levels with all the other factors unbroken constant, would result into the table 1. Table 1. Demand schedule. year price Average price quantity 2002 95 95 170 133 700 2003 192 192 253 223 500 2004 141 145 190 159 600 2005 472 480 622 523 300 2006 450 450 622 536 200 2007 318 318 466 392 400 Graph 1. The graph represents the quantity of the wine that is demanded as the variable that is Independent (x-axis) and the price as the variable that is dependent (y-axis). harmonise to the law of demand the quantity of the product that is demanded will always move towards the opposite price direction. This is notice in the graph above through the downward demand curve slope. When one moves along the curve, a change in the price of the wine would result into a change in the quantity that is demanded. Whenever there exists a change in the influencing factor besides price there could be a shift key in the demand curve either towards the right or the left,

How can we see architecture as a form or median that merges humanity Thesis

How can we see architecture as a form or median value that merges humanity and nature - Thesis Example122).Since time immemorial, several societies of the world affirm been known to laurels sculptures and other forms of architectural designs as their gods the Chinese and ancient Japanese societies being the best point of reference. As a matter of fact, their places of worship had specific architectural designs. This was evidence enough of the close relationship that existed amid architecture and humanity (Brebbia, 2012, p. 71).Before the World War I, architectural designs were not necessarily buildings. Monuments stood in huge cities and significant laces like museums and attraction sites. They added to the beauty of sceneries and made nature admirable. That notwithstanding, these designs reminded people of the significance of nature and. They were withal a direct reminder of the fact that nature ought to be protected by humanity. For this reason, people remained machine-acces sible with nature courtesy of the architectural designs of the times.The warm relationship between nature and architecture began deteriorating after the due south World War and the cold war that came thereafter. The Great Depression of the United States of America also contributed to the abjection of the closeness that existed between nature and architecture. People were more oriented to business and improving their economic statuses as opposed to observing the importance of nature. Every architectural design began to take the direction of business. The architectural designs of this stay and periods that followed were therefore no longer associated with neither nature nor humanity but how people would get property out of them. This then marked the beginning of the disconnection between nature, humanity and architecture.Humanity and nature have lost connection and this can be seen from the early periods of romanticism in which there was a objection against the impending scientif ic rationalization of nature. This was dated to the 18th century

Organization Analysis For UNEP ( United Nation Environment Program ) Research Paper

Organization Analysis For UNEP ( United Nation purlieu Program ) - Research Paper archetypeEmployees being a part of UNEPs prosperity contribute been mentioned on several occasions. Not oft will be mentioned without addressing the organizational theories that have been applied in UNEP since it came into existence. It is easy to understand managerial theories, and recognise how they are applied in daily operation of UNEP. UNEP is a thriving organization with so many achievements that have seen the environment being conserved and sustainable maturation achieved. The knowledge has been gathered from the UNEP website, its documentaries, and from textbooks with relevant information on organization theories and environmental issues. Introduction and Background of the Organization (UNEP) It was until after the UN Conference concerning the Human Environment of 1972 that UNEP was established. The Conference took place in Stockholm, Sweden, and suggested the initiation of a orbiculate body to serve as the UNs environmental conscience system. The UN planetary Assembly responded by adopting Resolution 2997, which created the following The UNEP Secretariat, whose headquarters was placed in Nairobi, Kenya, to offer a central point for environmental coordination and activities in the UN system, led by an Executive Director, ranked as the UN Under-Secretary-General. UNEP Governing Council, which comprised of 58 countries designated for four-year hurt by the General Assembly of the UN. This was accorded the task of reviewing the state of the global environment, creating UNEPS programme precedence, and budget approval. A voluntary Environment Fund was also set up to finance the initiatives of the organization, to be complemented by trust funds and money assigned by the regular budget of the UN. From 1972 down to the 1990s, global governments had declared their pledges to the sustainable development principles. In May 2000, the first Worldwide ministerial Environment Fo rum was convened by UNEP in Malmo, Sweden. The forums main aim was to send a strong note to the UN General Assembly meant to revisit the sustainable development discussion at the millennium meeting in September 2000. Although the millennium presented many opportunities to UNEP, several challenges also came up. In 2005, the organizations task was further strengthened when the UNEP Governing Council endorsed the Ball Strategic Plan to apply capacity development and technology support programmes nationally. The critical final years of the worlds commitment to meet the millennium Development Goals will ensure that UNEP goes on providing vital information, practical support, and policy advice to the UN member nations as they conjointly work to achieve UN Charters promise of a globe of social progress and let out living conditions in a wider freedom. UNEP as an organization concerned with environmental matters is large enough to opinion into the issues at a global point of view. Its G overning Council meets this task appropriately by reporting to the UN General assembly via the Social and Economic Council. There is equitable representation in each region, where the 58-members elected for the four-year terms represent each state as follows African States have 16 seats, Asian States have 13 seats, Eastern Europe has 6, Caribbean and Latin American States have 10, while Western Europe and the remaining States have 13 se

Wind Technology and Electricity Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Wind Technology and Electricity - interrogation Paper ExampleWith regards to tapping of revoke energy, the speed of the air in movement defines the potential amounts of energy that batch be packed within any unit amount of air in motion. This means that too much speed of the moving air can be destructive to structures or equipment useful in the tapping of the pluck energy and too little speed can be a waste of resources and period as there would be no sizeable amount of energy tapped. Therefore, while the consideration of tapping travel energy is a vital input to the energy ministry and the livelihood of various entities, specifics that make tapping airlift no-hit should be in line with the amount of wind speed expected, the equipment used and its specifications, the location of the equipment inductance and the punt of such equipment, and the consistency and/or sustainability of production of wind energy. In this research paper, the tapping of wind energy is considered a work of engineering and therefore, a sizeable portion of this paper dwells on the equipment used, the specifications of those equipment, different designs and types, their sustainability for energy conversion, the available brands and their differences, the best locations for placing these equipment, the original inventions and the different versions of the same that exist, and the technical considerations that should be evaluated as support and maintenance of the equipment. The tapping of wind energy is normally and always a task that involves the use of wind turbines. The nature and specifications of wind turbines differs from angiotensin converting enzyme type to another with regards to scope of production, the location of the turbines, the standards verified, and the policies that control the production and installation of the same. In this... In this research paper, the tapping of wind energy is considered a work of engineering and therefore, a sizeable portion of this paper dwells on the equipment used, the specifications of those equipment, different designs and types, their sustainability for energy conversion, the available brands and their differences, the best locations for placing these equipment, the original inventions and the different versions of the same that exist, and the technical considerations that should be evaluated as support and maintenance of the equipment. The tapping of wind energy is normally and always a task that involves the use of wind turbines. The nature and specifications of wind turbines differs from one type to another with regards to scope of production, the location of the turbines, the standards verified, and the policies that control the production and installation of the same.In this research paper, the exploration of wind energy production is divided into various parts that reception specific questions related to production and sustainability of wind production with regards to wind turbines. The research takes a holistic examine of how wind turbines were invented and what their original purpose besides the production of electricity was. On the other hand, the research focuses on the different uses of wind turbines and the margins of production that can be realized from within a grid or from a large scale production. From the disadvantages subsection of this research, it is observed that deaths in the line of duty in maintaining wind turbines are a common place. For uninsured personnel, injuries and deaths to engineers is an added cost of maintenance to wind turbines.

Marketing and Promotional Tools Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing and promotional Tools - Coursework ExampleAs the report declares the modern technology has made reception and dissemination of information instead simple for companies. Companies can share information regarding the harvestings or services they offer to the world via the internet. In addition, there are various media that companies can use to market their increases or services. These media include televisions, magazines, posters, social media platforms such as the Facebook and many others. It is essential to identify that marketing techniques are tailored to attract potential customers to buy the product or service in question. The aim of this project is to analyze the different media and promotional tools used to market the products of the unimpeachable Company and Coca-Cola Company.According to the discussion findings the innocent high society is a multi-billion company that serves in the product sector. The company mainly provides drinks of varies taste to its cust omers. Some of the drinks produced by the company include smoothies and fruit juice. The company has open up various strategies to promote the sale of its products in the competitive beverage market. The Coca-Cola Company holds over 90% of the company shares. In essence, the beverage market is very competitive since there are millions of companies in the world market. The Innocent Company has purposed to improve its conference structure in order to facilitate smooth interaction with the customer. The communication structure is aimed at ensuring proper dissemination of information regarding the products offered by the company to members of the public.

Why the Falling U.S. Birth Rates Are So Troubling Essay

Why the Falling U.S. Birth Rates Are So disturbing - Essay ExampleThe USA birth drifts fall every year the government describe with the experts calling it a proof that the weak economy has continued to reduce enthusiasm for having children. The liquidate in the preceding year was just by 1 %, not as a big drop as to 3% drop which was seen in the recent years. It may be an effect of the fertility rate and the aging population. The falling birth is a new phenomenon in this state that they had been on since the late 1990s. In the last year, fewer than four million births were reckoned last year the lowermost number since 1998. They theory arse the drop of the birth rate is couples who work hard get time being together, feeling that they atomic number 18 no need of having children because of their busy schedules. Across the U.S, the birth rates are falling, and family is shrinking. The fertility rate is slight than two children a woman. As a result, U.S populations are maturation extremely slowly and are first-class honours degree to decrease. Mark R. Montgomery states that the demographic trends portend that there are difficult times ahead for the unite States economy because there are not enough people for jobs (206). A workforce that does not draw enough workers can decrease productivity over time for any workforce. At the same time, the growing population of the elderly individuals threatens the solvency of social insurance and pension systems (Montgomery 206). As the household decreases, because people move outside(a) or some people die, the ability to care for the elderly diminishes.

Compare and Contrast Opportunity and Risk Components Research Paper

Compare and air Opportunity and Risk Components - Research Paper ExampleProject manager (Learner) may consume to brace assumptions about the encounter. Be sure to document the assumptions in the description of the risk and consider both project and product based risks. The project manager should also take in to account external as well as internal risks and consider risks to the project budget, its schedule, its resources and the products quality. Ensure that the risks are categorized and quantified.The estimated costs and cost of a classic kitchen remodeling plan are briefed below. Elevated estimations for greater urban areas and the diminished estimates where home determine are below the countrywide average need to be made. Modification for prices for replacements or enhancements is in the live fragment. For size variances of up to 25%, total expenses need to be scrabbled in direct percentage to the size of the project under consideration. The modified costs can be used as a innovation for locating a material financial plan and for matching supplier bids (if experts are chosen to do the work) (Homewyse, 2011).This is amongst the major decisions that property-owners have to ultimately deal with when scheduling a project management. What are the risks? Effectiveness, length of timeframe, financial plan and class of work are the key factors that one has to consider when determining on such a critical point.For a small kitchen, budget for remodeling is usually restricted. Amidst of a family kitchen remodel, its very credibly to lose sight of precisely how much money one is spending, crossing over the economical line, every now and then quite significantly. Here are some cautionary cryptograms that during the remodeling the plan may be heading towards choking terrain (Admin, 2010).The inexpensive cupboards/piece of equipment/sink came about to be backordered for 6 months and extra charges need to be paid for a more exclusive one (and additional variati ons may chute from this change, accumulating dismantle more to the

Some aspect of distribution theory Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Some cheek of distribution theory - Article ExampleOne of the keeps that I bought is titled, The Accident. This book is available in the Amazon UK and can also be accessed in different networks such as eBay and other online trade Companies. The use of online modes of distributing goods and services has not only been used in books, but also in other products for instance Currently one can order for a movie online one of the main sources on distributing such products are online marketing channels such as Amazon uk, the eBay and others that are used in various parts of the world such as the OLX, which was recently introduced.My encounter with purchasing a book from the Amazon, was greatly successful, the process of purchase is quite simple as it involves filing in personal flesh out such as the address i.e. place of delivery and the payment details. The delivery is made by the beau monde to the client, making the process efficient in relation to time

Influence the West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Influence the West - undertake ExampleBody Influence on Democracy of Modern West The Greek civilization has a major impact in shaping the current democratic establishment of America. Greeks were the ones who developed the system recognised as Direct Democratic System, this system can be easily witnessed in the way American government is operated. The Persian Empire was the one to use the centralized way of ruling the nation in which decisions were made by the head of the states and these decisions were followed by the citizens (Richard, 2010). On the other hand, the Greek Empire was created of the elements of state and cities and the empire was heavily dependent on the cosmoss participation in the semipolitical system. This kind of political system and means of running the country was fairly new to the way an empire was governed. During that era, other empires failed to realise the importance of the participation of the citizens of a country in decision making and running of th e political system. They veritable(a) failed to understand how public can handle the issues faced by the governments of that time. ... Later the scenario changed and all individuals of US were grant the right to vote and were recognized as citizens. The Greeks were the ones who recognized the importance of votes of all the citizens of the nation. Therefore they created an assembly in the city of Athens where all the citizens participated in political process of electing the government body. The citizens were responsible for electing officers to different government positions and these officers were compensated for the services they offered in the government. Similarly, the assembly in comprises of individuals that represent the public and these individuals are responsible for pick out for the election of different individuals to different government positions (Osborne, 2006). Influence on Republic Government The government of the Romans become with the creation of genius, their constitution provided the government with the guideline for operating the nation. Similarly the US functions according to a constitution and all the activities conducted by the government are in compliance with the constitution. If activities against the constitution are conducted, the conductor of much(prenominal) activities is held responsible in the court of law. The US process of creating rules and regulations is even similar to the law making system of the Roman period. During the Roman period an assembly consisting of the citizens initiated the process of rule making by passing a legislation, which was later approved by the individuals that were categorized as the upper class and then the rule was passed in the name of the public (Watkin, 1986). In US, same procedure for making rules is followed, first the rule is passed by the representatives of the public which is then accepted by the senate and then the legislation is

Eating disorder and dental implications Annotated Bibliography

Eating disorder and dental implications - Annotated Bibliography Example young-bearing(prenominal) students aged 1518 years were the subpopulation included in the research with a total of 1,203 participants. The general outcome of the research indicated that severe risk behavior for EDs was appreciably related to TE, but not with DC. A total of 1,203 female adolescents aged 15-18 in Belo Horizonte Brazil (with a population of 2.5 million inhabitants), participated in obtaining the results of this research. Organized statistical analysis and the large sample size signify that the research was of high quality. haphazard selection of the participants made the research reliable. Additionally, performing a pilot test also enhanced the dependableness and validity of the study. The article is intended for people in the medical field, as well as adolescents with a risk of dental disorders due to bad eating behaviors. The special features in this article are triple tables that describe the characteristics and distribution of the population as well as the results. The sources were objective because all the researchers involved hold in respectful testimonials. Limiting the participants gender in this research may have an cause of the general results, suggesting the weakness of this study. This study strength is its ability to obtain additional findings through observation so the information can be generalized to the entire

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development Essay Example for Free

Nature and Nature in Cognitive Development EssayWhy ar twain nature and call forth important in perceptual development? How do both help a babys brain and sensory organs to develop? The question of whether nature or nurture is more important in terms of perceptual development has bee long debated. In commonplace, there are two theories that explain how humans develop these perceptions. The Nativists claim that our brains are built or hardwired to deal indisput commensurate stimuli by both design and construction. In contrast, an Empiricist would say that we learn through experience how to perceive things. at that place was an experiment done by Nativist researchers that desire to determine how very young mammals are able to perceive. The data concluded that early infants were able to perceive quite a lot before they sincerely had a chance to learn anything. Gibson and Walks the opthalmic cliff experiment was one such(prenominal) experiment, in this test both young anim als and 6 month old human infants were taken to a side of a visual cliff, the test subjects would avoid the clearly deep drop. This indicated that children can perceive visual depth and that visual depth dominates even touch information.Additionally, studies have been done that show babies can recognize faces and that they often prefer the visual input signal of carton faces as opposed to the same features arranged at random. In other tests it was shown that babies can also recognize whether or not and inclination is coming immediately at their face or not. These experiments show that even the undeveloped infant brain has considerable skill for perceptual capabilities. In contrast, several Empiricists experiments have been done as well. In one such study, scientists sought to determine the effects of depriving developing animals from perceptual stimulations.These tests have consistently shown that the longer the subject is deprived, the more atrocious the consequences. For exam ple, humans are sometimes natural without sight, due to a clouded cornea. Later in liveness some elect to have surgery to repair this clouded cornea. The result is sight, these people can trance but they cannot perceive what it is that they see. As time goes on they slowly learn to distinguish one object from another, but this is however quite easily interrupted. Often changing an objects position or context is quite enough to slow down or prevent recognition.To conclude, although some argue that perception is due to nature, period others argue for nurture, it may in fact be that the two factors are interdependent and rely on each other. Support for this idea comes from an experiment that studied rats and found that those raised in a perceptually restricted environment had smaller brain development than those raised in an enriched environment, suggesting that while we are born with innate capabilities we need the environment to ensure we develop our abilities to perceive well.Th e perceptual capabilities we have at stomach must be strengthened continuously through perceptual stimulation, furthermore, it would seem that perception in general follows the use it or lose it principle. Just as unused muscles become week, so to do our senses if go forth unused. Nature and nurture are both essential to health y perceptual development stimulation begins in the womb and quickly follows all the way through adulthood. Sources.Nature and Nurture in perceptual Development. . www. indiana. edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http//www. indiana. edu/p1013447/dictionary/natnurt. htm. . Experiencing Sensation and Perception. . physch. hanover. edu. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http//psych. hanover. edu/classes/sensation/chapters/Chapter 15. pdf. Arterberry, M. Perceptual Development. . Colby College. Web. 11 Feb 2013. http//www. elsevierdirect. com/brochures/Infant/PDFs/Perceptual development. pdf.

Web 2.0 Applications Essay Example for Free

Web 2.0 Applications EssayOReilly (2006) in his Commencement Speech at UC Berkley , explained that the genuine Web 2. 0 application is the one where there is a proportionality between the number of users and the development of the application. Because of this, it is argued that the core value of Web 2. 0 is existence able to effectively harness the innovativeness of everyone in the group. This kind of development is a step forward as compared to the previous state of the internet where the Web as a platform remained a baffling kettle of fish of buzzwords with no real clarity. Spolsky(2005) agreed with this stating that Web 2.0 is a big, vague, nebulous cloud of pure architectural nothingness and that when people use the term Web 2. 0, I always feel a little indorsement stupider for the rest of the day. Although this is obviously true, in this specific sense, the concept of the Web 2. 0 application is nothing new-made at all to the World Wide Web. The term Web 2. 0 is used when a read-write facial gesture of the Web is used in a participatory way that actually creates greater shared cognition for all. It was the widespread adoption of blogs, wikis, MySpace and early(a) read-write techniques that ushered in a common I-write-and-everyone-reads-it usage pattern (Hinchcliffe 2006).The concept of Weblog or Blogging has been defined by Drezner and Farrell (2004) as A web page with minimal to no external editing, providing online commentary, periodically updated and presented in reverse chronological order, with hyperlinks to other online sources. Yet even though this definition exists, other researchers such as Nardi et al (2004) express that weblogs currently accessible in the internet have a great diversity that is there is not a single dominant style of activity in the net.Others (Dyrud , Worley Quible, 2005) agree with this but on the hand, they expressed that there is something common to all blogs and that is they are primarily a venue in order t o share information (regardless of the amount and manner) between people, groups, and governings. According to Blood (2000) there are essentially two types of weblog those that emphasize the diary and comment aspect, and those that emphasize hyperlinks.The former may look for to influence wider public opinion, or merely to raise the profile of the blogger the latter act as a filter system, looking at what exists on the Web and recommending content that might be of interest to visitors. If bloggers kick in mistakes in the information they publish, they rely on their peers to point out any errors (Johnson and Kaye 2004) this sentence is very protrude alone you may wish to introduce the idea of authority of authority of Web 2. 0 technologies (which forget presumably covered again in Wikis etc) . Thus, Blogs have unique features that traditional web media does not have.well-nigh 2. 7 million bloggers update their blogs at least weekly. According to Technorati, new blog creation co ntinues to wrick Figure X shows the number of new blogs created each(prenominal) day, from January 2004 to January 2006 As was mentioned above, there are various types of blogs and each variation provides the information to the user as different as possible. Factors to be considered are the type of the media to be used in order to transfer the information, the device that is used, the genre, the legal status of the publishers, blog search engines, and blogging communities and directories. peerless varying consideration to blogs is the kind of media that is used in order to share the message from the person/organization that would want to give the message to the recipient of the message. Take for example a video blog is called a vlog, a blog that is comprised of links to other sites or networks is called a linklog. Another kind of blog that contains a series of sets of sketches is called a sketchblog and another type similar to a sketchblog is called a photoblog one that comprises of photos being shared, uploaded and downloaded.

The term white Essay Example for Free

The term snow-covered screenWhat is our reaction or impression when we read or hear the term tweed? Quite often, it is precisely gloss that instantly comes to our minds. Furthermore, many of us ar unaware of the various interpretations involving the word. This is not surprising Lets incision with white clothing and its purposes, symbolic, or factual, commonly used in religions as well as in hospitals. The pope, an obvious Roman Catholic, let ons white robes to portray his distinctive figure, being the highest authority at the Vatican. Similarly, some nuns wear white habits to reveal their puritanical appearance, and, not surprisingly, a bride of the same faith traditionally wears a white wedding dress to demonstrate her virginal aspect. Looking at a different religion, it is very arouse to learn about the custom in Islamic countries, where the dead are buried naked, wrapped in a white cloth. Their belief is that it symbolizes purity and is a necessary religious practice f or the dead to pay to heaven.When it comes to facts, we also understand the necessity of white garments used in private or public hospitals, and well-nigh clinics. Here, there are compulsory regulations where all medical staff must wear white uniforms, ranging from caps to overcoats and suits. It is the excogitation of the hospitals to help their patients and outsiders, distinguish the doctors, physicians, nurses and other medical assistants. We go on to fascinating white creations, being those of nature. For example, clouds, snow, sleet, ice, indistinctness and mist are all naturally white as a essence of atmospheric temperatures. tear down the moon, stars and lightning flashes are white, however, at night Moreover, another example is that of bones, such as humans, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, as well as the milk produced by humans and animals. Likewise, even the sap produced by some trees, is white. Other interpretations of white are present in grammatical e xpressions. It is also used to reveal a persons image, emotions or feelings. An example would be, He became white with shock.Very often, white used before a noun denotes the whiteness in colour, of that subject. However, it is also attainable that words used immediately after the term can have nothing to do with the colour itself and can have completely different or contradictory meanings, such as A white admiral, a kind of butterfly from Eurasia A white ant, another name for a termite that is shady in colour As we approach the final subject, think about white and associate it with food. The result of our imagination could be rice, sugar, salt or flour.However, did we bear in mind at the same instant, that these foods were initially not white, but became so after a thorough process or refinement? In opposition to the previous question, it is amazing how some flesh foods not naturally white in knifelike state, turn white in appearance, as a result of cooking. Such classified foods are fish, chicken, misfire and duck. Consequently, what do we contemplate about white eggshells? We reason their naturally white colour but we definitely do not think of eating them Nevertheless, the albumin, a part of its edible contents, also turns white in colour when cooked.An advantageous food compared to those previously mentioned is the cauliflower, a beneficial vegetable that remains white in colour and edible, both in raw and cooked state. After looking at all these examples, we now make believe how vastly the term can be interpreted, whether used religiously, symbolically, factually, as a natural creation, in common vocabulary or food. Perhaps the next time we are asked a question about a colour, our immediate thoughts or assumptions will be somewhat different, than just the ordinary colour itself

Settlement of the power conflict between top management of Cathay and pilots Essay Example for Free

Settlement of the former appointment in the midst of flower management of mainland China and pilots Essay1. INTRODUCTION1.1 Background InformationSince 1993, mainland China peace-loving Air focuss Limited ( chinaware) has experienced the threat of industrial saves initiated by unions. On 1 July 2001, other industrial serve was commenced, resulted in a three-month chaos in Hong Kongs tourist application.Being the representatives of the pilots of mainland China, Mr Nigel Demery, the President of Hong Kong Aircrew Officers Association (HKAOA), inform chinawares draw management that the pilots ref apply to accept chinawares new bear object. Members of the HKAOA wee-wee decided to commence industrial actions to force back mainland Chinas top management to accept their demand. The event was followed by a sharp increase of pilots reporting dingy leaves. Unlike previous industrial actions, Cathays top management held theatre to their original standpoint and dismissed 5 2 pilots and chartered additional aircraft to moderate the problem of pilots reporting sick and absence from work. However, the incident did not get along to an rarity. On the contrary, the problem escalated when HKAOA reacted by announcing support of the sacked pilots by taking legal actions against Cathay for the below the belt dismissal.The pilots industrial action caused a financial overtaking of US$12.8 million to Cathay each day. In feature, this was not the first time for the pilots to use industrial actions as a mean to press the top management in accepting their demands. Three industrial actions have been taken place since 1999. These frequent industrial actions have not only caused financial loss, but also harmed the high societys overall reputation. Table 1 stands a summary of the industrial actions that has been taken place since 1993.2. OBJECTIVES2.1 ObjectivesThe chief objectives of this report include Settlement of the force exercise between top management o f Cathay and pilots Moderate the designer of pilots in order to avoid or reduce industrial actions in future2.2 Analysis of the Existing positions of both partiesLuthans (1992, p.426) said that formal organizations be highly political and power is the name of the game. Managers and non-managers in an organization often manipulate power to compass goals. Cathays top management pass ons genuine, reward and controlling power to perform various specific tasks and decisions. Legitimating refers to an upward appeal, which adds weight unit to an influence attempt by screening support from senior managers, rules or procedures.1 On the other hand, dogmatic power means the using of threats, intimidation and coercion to gain compliance.2In the recent industrial action, the top management tried to utilize their legitimate and coercive power to gain pilots compliance. Apart from the effectiveness of this position-based power strategy, the use of coercive power always causes negative c onsequences such as weakening kins.In contrast, the pilots hold strong expert power. Pilots have high-value expertise. Referring to the strategical contingencies model3 which focused on individual power and how it is conveyed, the subunits that are to the highest degree central to the flow of work in an organization acquires power. The major revenue of Cathay comes from passenger and despatch services. It is impossible for an aircraft to operate without a pilot. The past industrial actions showed the strength of pilots expert power. Thus, the power conflict between top management and pilots must be settled in the long run.Besides, Cathays pilots manipulated the coalition strategy to accomplish their goals. HKAOA is a typical coalition of pilots. At present, Cathay employs 1,500 pilots, more than 75% of the pilots are members of the HKAOA. Thus, each industrial action evoked by HKAOA has caused a signifi targett impact on Cathays business and reputation.Given the fact that the m ajority of the command ordinary was of the view that the pilots have been over-demanding and created much chaos to the tourist industry in Hong Kong (According to the interview results as well as from the media), it is a good opportunity for Cathay to take reward of the situation and to moderate the power of the unions.3. SOURCE OF INFORMATION3.1 Source of InformationThis report is based on both primary and secondary information from various means. This includes-? Interview with representatives of both Cathay and the HKAOA.? yearbook stave Reports of Cathay? Newspapers? Magazines and Journals? Cathay Pacific Airways Official Web Site4. FINDINGSOur findings are mainly based on the following sources-* Interview Findings* Financial data published in the Next Magazine as showed at Tables 1-5.* Review of Cathays existing policies and procedures as showed in Appendix 1.4.1 Interview Findings4.1.1 Interviews with HKAOA (Interviewee Mr. Spurrier M.)? According to HKAOA, Cathay was int imidated by aggressive interviews by managers about delays? For other managers or employees acting on Cathays instructions had followed pilots into the cockpit to watch them doing safety valve checks even though they did not possess the required qualifications to know what was necessary, as such, prosecutions for those people whitethorn be possible to a lower place the safety law of Air Navigation Ordinance as intimidation risked distracting pilots from their jobs? The pay demand was reasonable to Cathay4.1.2. Interviews with Cathay counselling (Interviewee Mr. Tang)? Many crews were being put under uttermost(prenominal) pressure aim to sign the HKAOAs lawyers letter? Cathays net recurring profits has already been forecasted to fall by 20% to 25% in 2001 due to the global economic downturn? The pay demand of HKAOA was unacceptable4.1.3. Interviews with the world Resources Department (Interviewee Mr. Chau)? Employees remuneration represented about 25% of Cathays Total Operat ing Expenses4.1.4. Interviews with a Cathay passengers (Interviewee Mr. Lee)? The respondent described the pilots pay demand as unreasonable while the economy was still recovering? He complained that the pilots threat of industrial action had thrown his holiday plans into chaos and the pilots union was selfish especially during superlative degree travel seasons4.1.5. Interview with Tourists Right Association? They said that industrial actions would not gain the support of the oecumenic earth and would only injure Hong Kongs reputation and tourism industry? They claimed with anger that the pilots earned well in Hong Kong, but tried to endanger Hong Kong tourism industry4.1.6. Media Comments from the Next Magazine, Hong Kong? Analysts said it would be hard for the pilots to pressure Cathay into roistering changes because of the financial implications5. elevate ANALYSIS OF CATHAY5.1 SWOT AnalysisA SWOT abridgment may help management to identify the lodges strengths and weaknesse s against its major competitors in the industry and to explore the opportunities and threats for effective strategic planning purposes. The analysis has been summarized from our findings and observations by various means as mentioned in Section 4 of this report. The SWOT analysis is mainly based on our observation and analysis on the financial information provided in Cathays annual report and from that of the Next Magazine.5.1.1 Strengths? Strong management team such as the director of bodied development, Tony Tyler, has implemented tough policy? Code address agreements with a number of other international airlines to provide greater flexibility such as British Airways, Japan Airlines, Malaysia Airlines, confederation Afri basin Airways. Swissair, THY Turkish Airlines? With the decisions do to cut schedules and bring in charter aircrafts, the level of flight disruptions and delays have been adoptably reduced, and the effect on sickness levels have to reduce? With the prevention from government regarding overseas airlines in carrying passengers in Hong Kong to other destinations, Cathay became a price maker5.1.2. Weaknesses? Existence of Tenure employment contracts strengthen pilots power? Contracts are issued to pilots gibe to HKAOAs instructions, for example, all newly recruited pilots must start from the entry post of a Junior Pilot no matter of his/her previous experience? Long history of tolerance to pilots for their industrial actions created wrong perception to pilots that industrial action was an effective way in request for a demand? Lack of topical anaesthetic pilots as substitutes in time of strike? High appeal of training a Cadet Pilot (approximately US$128K)? broad amount of financial interest of about US$1.3 million a day and labor cost of US$2 million per day5.1.3. Opportunities? Prolonged industrial action created unnecessary anxiety to passengers and the public, resulting in the loss of confidence in pilots and its union? Insufficient coalition between the union and pilots as not all the pilots are leading to participate in the industrial actions? As pilots were sacked, Cathay could recruit pilots at a lower cost? Intensive trainings were held in an Adelaide aviation training school? Only a 3-year contract for new recruitment could be signed? More better experienced pilots can be recruited with closure of airlines subsequent to the 911 tragedy in America.5.1.4. Threats? The corporate image was spoiled by the HKAOA strike? As flights were delayed or suspended, loyal customers have been lost, resulted in loss of competitiveness? Aviation market has been undefended up for competition? Owing to the pilots expertise, substitutes would be extremely difficult in the case of sickness? The pilots are forced to sign a letter drafted by the HKAOAs lawyers to Cathay and were intimidated by having their names as non-signers on its website when they refused to sign? The unions source of income was supported by the membershi p fee from 80% of the 1,500 pilots at 1% of their income and was proposed to increase the contribution up to 5%6. PROBLEM-SHOOTING AND RECOMMENTDATIONS6.1 Problems Difficulties? The industrial action has been too powerful for the friendship to treat with. This was evidenced in the prolonged action that has caused substantial damage to the tourism industry? High level of dependency on foreign pilots to carry their passengers? The HKAOA vowed no resolution to the Cathay dispute unless all the pilots who have been unfairly dismissed were reinstated.6.2 Recommendations and StrategiesOur recommendations are do to achieve 3 chief objectives-i) Strengthen the power of the companyii) Weaken the power of the pilotsiii) Building-up relations with the pilots6.2.1 Strengthen the power of the companyIn order to strengthen the power of Cathay, playing games will be a good tactic. Authority game can be used to resist the power of the pilot. History indicated that Cathay lost in 3 industrial ac tions (from 1993 to 2000), as the company did not resist the power of the other party. Hence, the company original policy should be strictly adhered in order to win the game. In July 2001, Cathay proved that the Authority Game tactic was feasible with its firm adherence to its proposed pay, benefits and roistering package with up to 9% increment (Table 2 showed the salary package as proposed by Cathay). On the other hand, Cathay has publicly refused to consider negotiating with the pilots again unless they withdrew their industrial action.Besides, Cathay may consider using the coalition-building game to form alliance with other airlines, preferably nearby airlines. Coalition game is another power-base game to increase power through forming of alliances or coalitions with groups within the subunits of the company or groups outside the organization.4 Cathay can then enjoy immediate assistance by chartering additional aircrafts and rebook passengers on other aline airlines. This incre ases the flexibility for Cathay even if HKAOA imposes further destructive actions. Moreover, all airlines should agree not to hire bad-listed pilots.Furthermore, Cathay can inform outsiders about the injustice and irresponsible actions of pilots via a whistle-blowing tactic. Firstly, they should let the public know the probability and earnings of a qualified pilot, i.e. create a high-income earner image for the pilots (Table 3), during recruitment of cadet pilots. In general, the general public will not accept high-income earners taking industrial actions to fight for salary increment. Secondly, they may let the media know that more than 10,000 passengers were adversely affected by the industrial action in July 2001. Besides, word efforts with the Government are required to show the economic damage to Hong Kong during the industrial action.6.2.2. Weaken the power of the pilots semipolitical influences are a good way to conform the pilots to meet organizational value. This can be do by position-based influence strategies through pressure and threats in return for compliance. Besides, coercive power depends on fear.During the industrial action in July 2001, 52 pilots were sacked without any reasons. The action tended to show the firm position of Cathay and intimidated the pilots to accept the offer. Since Cathay could afford to pay sacked pilots a better than most package, as the Hong Kong labor laws offered the company with certain flexibility. This implies that further dismissal of pilots is possible.The enforcement of pressure and threat can be achieved by the issuance of written statement warning that lateness will not be tolerated as this would breach of the employment contracts, which may in turn lead to dismissal. Moreover, the announcement of cutting foreign-based pilots is a feasible alternative.Another way is to abolish the tenure employment so as to reduce pilots employment security. The new employment proposal is a three-year contract for newly em ployed pilots. Renewal of contract is subject to performance, i.e. diluting the portion of permanent pilots. commutability refers to the ability to engage other pilots to perform the job of the existing pilots.5 This implies that if Cathay has or can obtain alternative sources of pilots to perform the job done by the existing pilots, the pilots union can be diminished. Therefore, Cathay can consider hiring pilots from other airlines, who have been sacked during the redundancy programs, e.g. America Airline, Continental Airlines, etc.The reducing in the dependency on foreign pilots becomes the most important aspect of power which is a work on of dependency. This is because the greater Cathays dependency on the foreign pilots, the greater the pilot unions power has over Cathay. It can be observed that in August 2001, 10 local pilots have completed their Cadet Pilot architectural plan at BAE SYSTEMS Flight Training in Adelaide, southeastern Australia. The 10 graduates brought the nu mber of cadet pilots who have have from Cathay Pacifics training programme to almost 150 since its first launch in 1988.Cathays investment brings long-run commitment to develop Hong Kong aviation industries as well as reducing the dependency of the majority of the 90% overseas pilots. Obviously, foreign pilots are the source of power. Rule of thumb, if Cathay can have its own local pilot team, Cathay will not reply to hire the pilots from overseas. The sources of pilot unions will be diluted. Therefore, it is genuinely important to speed-up the training of Cathays own local pilots team.6.2.3 Develop relations with the pilotsBuilding up better relationship with pilots is a long-term solution. This can be achieved through interpersonal influence. With the application of position-based influence strategies, Cathay can offer rewards or benefits in exchange/return for pilots compliance. Rewards can be anything that another person value which is the opposite of coercive power. In Catha ys case, rewards can be monetary rewards, fringe benefits, favorable promotion prospects, whippy shifts or flight territories. If the company can give someone something of positive value or transport something of negative value, the company will have reward power over that person.Emphasis should be made on the fact that Cathays pilots are still the most expensive pilots when comparing to other American and European Airlines. This has been achieved during all public announcement and negotiation (as shown in Table 4 and Table 5).Motivating the pilots is polar to Cathays long-term success. It is important to build up common goals and values to obtain support or commitment with personal-centered strategies. These are strategies that rely on an individuals characteristics and abilities to chafe expert and referent power bases, or inspirational appeals and consultation.6 wiz suggestion is that the pilot s remuneration package should split into basic salary and performance bonus, whic h relates to the company s annual profit.The outcome, consensus or agreement can be achieved through Normalization. Normalization influence can gradually change the opinions and the behaviour of pilots by reciprocal process and informational influence to achieve conformity.7 In fact, coercive and reward powers are counterparts of each other. If Cathay can remove the Unions powerful/dominant value from pilots or inflict negative values upon them, Cathay will have coercive power over them.As mentioned earlier, legitimate appeal can add weight over influence attempt by showing support of the senior management. Cathay may provide indication to the general public that the pilots are under intolerable pressure from Unions. First, it can be done through media to pronounce the number of calls that management had true complaints from pilots on managing Unions intimidation. Alternatively, it will be a good tactic for management to show care and spirit of pilots difficulties and to encourage them to follow the instructions from HKAOA by signing the lawyers letters back to Cathay.Lastly, ethical success will confront ethical dilemmas by the referent-powered management, like Mr. Tony Tyler. It is important that emphasis should be stress on Cathays pilots, Unions and the general public that the current package offered by Cathay is the best. The termination of industrial action is for the good benefits of pilots, passengers and the public instead of Cathay itself, which meets the utilitarian outcome. The packages offered allow the pilots an option to choose for their terms of package. The emphasis is on fairness, granting immunity of choice and individual rights. No strict rules for the pilots. In return, the dismissal of industrial action is expected from pilots. put across may be made to the general public with emphasis that Cathay has confidence over the pilots professionalism and legitimate power. They will be responsible for their actions. In addition, Cathay may sh ow appreciation for those pilots who have modify in for their absent colleagues.7. SUMMARY7.1 SummarySince 1999, Cathay encountered threat from industrial strikes every few geezerhood (Table 1). Cathay compromised with HKAOA in the previous three strikes and gave in to the HKAOA industrial actions. This year, the fourth industrial action nonionic by HKAOA with an aim to fight for higher pilots salary increment and shorter working hours have caused Cathay loss of over millions of profits, not to mention the damage on its reputation and the loss of significant market share to major competitors. (Appendix 1 provides a summary of the vision of Cathay and its traffic figures from June to November 2001)This report has examined the current power between Cathay and HKAOA and accordingly recommended Cathays management to take proper actions to counter HKAOAs industrial action and to end HKAOAs threats in future.We have interviewed both the Cathays management and HKAOAs representative and gathered necessary information from other public means. We then evaluated these information to perform a SWOT analysis and based on it defined the problems facing by Cathay in its current situation.In general, Cathay is facing a powerful union, which has a very strong bargaining power due to the pilots expertise power. Hence, we have recommended Cathay to deploy political games to strengthen the companys power and to weaken the power of the pilots. In addition, we have recommended management to build up a long-term co-operative relationship with the pilots after the power struggle. By doing so, we trust Cathay can end this industry actions in a reasonable period and to prevent the same problem happen again in future.8. REFERENCE BIBIOGRAPHY8.1 REFERENCEInterviewee Mr. Chau W., coach of Personnel, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.Interviewee Mr. Lee, passenger of Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.Interviewee Mr. Spurrier M., Image Director of HKAOA.Interviewee Mr. Tang A., Director of Corporat ion Planning, Cathay Pacific Airways Ltd.Luthans F. (1992). Organization Behavior 6th ed. Singapore McGraw-Hill.8.2 BIBIOGRAPHYAnnual Report 2001, Cathay Pacific Airways LimitedBotton V. Agencies, Cathay chaos may start today South China sunup Post, 3rd July 2001.Botton V., Pilots put battle plan into action South China dayspring Post, 4th July 2001.Botton V. Agencies, Cathay may ground all flights South China Morning Post, 22 phratry 2001.Botton V., Cathay warns it may close foreign bases, South China Morning Post, 28 September 2001.Botton V., unfathomed Cathay peace talks fail South China Morning Post, 29 September 2001.archer J., Cathay turns screw on pilots South China Morning Post, 30th June 2001.Bowman J., Union denied access to Cathay mail boxes South China Morning Post, 3rd July 2001.Cheng A., Narrow nationalistic views clouding the Cathay issue South China Morning Post, 19th July 2001.Cheung C.F., Thousand stranded at airport South China Morning Post, 8th July 2001Che ung J., Dispute may open extra routes South China Morning Post, 8th July 2001Interim Report 2001, Cathay Pacific Airways LimitedIvancevich, J., Olekalns, M. Matheson, M. 2000, organizational Behavior and Management, 1st Aust. Ed, Irwin, SydneyLai C.Y., Cathay Strike, Next Magazine, 28th June, 2001.Lai C.Y., Cathay vs HKAOA Next Magazine, 12th July,2001.Lo J., Rostering and overtime remain key issue in Cathay negotiation South China Morning Post, 4th July 2001.Luthans, F., 1992, organizational Behavior, McGraw-Hill, Singapore.Mintzberg H., 1983, Power in and round Organizations, Prentice-Hall, N.J., USA.Mullins, L., 1989, Management and Organizational Behavior, Pitman, Great BritainPfeffer J., 1981, Power in Organizations, Pitman Publishing, M.A. USA.Porter L.W., Lawler E.E., and Hackman J.R. 1975, Behavior in Organizations, McGraw-Hill, N.Y., USA.Kotter P. 1987, The empower Manager, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, USA.Reuters, Airline job cuts hit Europe South China Morning Post, 2 1 September 2001Robbins S. P., 1994, Organizational behavior, 4th ed., Prentice Hall, N.J, USA.See http//www.cathaypacific.comTichy N.M., 1986, The Transformational Leader, N.Y., USA.1Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management, 1st Aust ed., McGraw-Hill, pg. 401.2 Ibid.3 Ibid, pg 393.4.Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.403.5 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.395.6 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.401.7 Ivancevich J, Olekalns M, Matteson M (2000), Organizational Behavior and Management , 1st Aust ed. McGraw Hill, pg.397.

Applied Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Applied Linguistics EssayStylistics is the study and interpretation of texts from a polyglotic perspective. As a discipline it cerebrate literary criticism and linguistics, but has no autonomous domain of its own. 12 The p summonred aim of stylistic studies is literature, but not exclusively high literature but also other fashion models of write texts such as text from the domains of advertising, pop culture, politics or religion.3 Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the special(prenominal) choices made by individuals and brotherly groups in their physical exercise of speech communication, such as socialisation, the production and reception of meaning, deprecative discourse outline and literary criticism. Other lineaments of stylistics include the hold of dialogue, including regional accents and peoples dialects, descriptive delivery, the use of grammar, such as the active voice or passive voice, the distribution of sentence lengt hs, the use of particular language registers, etc.In addition, stylistics is a distinctive term that may be use to determine the connections mingled with the form and effects within a particular variety of language. Therefore, stylistics timbres at what is difference on within the language what the linguistic associations are that the style of language reveals. Contents * 1 previous(predicate) twentieth century * 2 Late twentieth century * 3 literary Stylistics * 3. 1 poetize line * 3. 2 Implicature * 3. 3 distort * 3. 4 The point of poetry * 4 See also * 5 Notes * 6 References and related reading * 7 External links edit Early twentieth century.The analysis of literary style goes back to Classical rhetoric, but way of lifern stylistics has its roots in Russian Formalism,4 and the interrelated Prague School, in the early twentieth century. In 1909 Charles Ballys Traite de stylistique francaise had proposed stylistics as a distinct academic discipline to complement Saussurean linguistics. For Bally, Saussures linguistics by itself couldnt fully describe the language of personal expression. 5 Ballys programme fitted well with the aims of the Prague School.6 Building on the ideas of the Russian Formalists, the Prague School developed the concept of foregrounding, whereby poetical language stands out from the background of non-literary language by office of deviation (from the norms of mundane language) or parallelism. 7 According to the Prague School, the background language isnt fixed, and the relationship between poetic and e actuallyday language is always shifting. 8 edit Late twentieth century Roman Jakobson had been an active member of the Russian Formalists and the Prague School, ahead emigrating to America in the 1940s.He brought together Russian Formalism and Ameri give notice New Criticism in his Closing Statement at a conference on stylistics at Indiana University in 1958. 9 publish as Linguistics and Poetics in 1960, Jakobsons lecture is oft en credited with being the first coherent expression of stylistics, and his argument was that the study of poetic language should be a sub-branch of linguistics. 10 The poetic function was one of sestet general functions of language he described in the lecture. Michael Halliday is an important figure in the development of British stylistics.11 His 1971 study Linguistic portion and literary Style An Inquiry into the style of William Goldings The Inheritors is a key essay. 12 ace of Hallidays contributions has been the use of the term register to explain the connections between language and its context. 13 For Halliday register is distinct from dialect. Dialect refers to the common language of a particular user in a specific geographical or social context. Register describes the choices made by the user,14 choices which dep leftover on three variables field (what the participantsare actually meshed in doing, for instance, discussing a specific subject or topic),15 tenor (who is taking part in the exchange) and mode (the use to which the language is being put). Fowler comments that different fields produce different language, most obviously at the level of vocabulary (Fowler. 1996, 192) The linguist David Crystal points out that Hallidays tenor stands as a virtually equivalent term for style, which is a much specific alternative used by linguists to debar ambiguity. (Crystal. 1985, 292) Hallidays third class, mode, is what he refers to as the symbolic organisation of the situation.Downes recognises two distinct aspects within the category of mode and suggests that not only does it describe the relation to the medium written, spoken, and so on, but also describes the musical genre of the text. (Downes. 1998, 316) Halliday refers to genre as pre-coded language, language that has not simply been used before, but that predetermines the selection of textual meanings. The linguist William Downes makes the point that the principal characteristic of register, no matter how peculiar or diverse, is that it is obvious and immediately recognisable.(Downes. 1998, 309) edit Literary Stylistics In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, Crystal observes that, in practice, most stylistic analysis has attempted to deal with the coordination compound and valued language within literature, i. e. literary stylistics. He goes on to say that in such question the scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literary language, for instance, its deviant and affected features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.For example, the compact language of poetry is more likely to reveal the secrets of its construction to the stylistician than is the language of plays and novels. (Crystal. 1987, 71). edit Poetry As well as conventional styles of language there are the unconventional the most obvious of which is poetry. In Practical Stylistics, HG Widdowson examines the traditional form of the epitaph, as found on headstones in a cemetery. For example His memory is dear today As in the hour he passed away. (Ernest C. Draper Ern. Died 4. 1. 38) (Widdowson. 1992, 6)Widdowson makes the point that such sentiments are usually not very interesting and suggests that they may even be dismissed as crude verbal carvingsand crude verbal disturbance (Widdowson, 3). Nevertheless, Widdowson recognises that they are a very real attempt to convey feelings of human loss and retain affectionate recollections of a beloved friend or family member. However, what may be believen as poetic in this language is not so much in the formulaic phraseology but in where it appears. The verse may be given undue reverence precisely because of the sombre situation in which it is placed.Widdowson suggests that, distant words set in stone in a graveyard, poetry is unorthodox language that vibrates with inter-textual implications. (Widdowson. 1992, 4) devil problems with a stylistic analysis of po etry are noted by PM Wetherill in Literary Text An Examination of Critical Methods. The first is that there may be an over-preoccupation with one particular feature that may well minimise the significance of others that are equally important. (Wetherill. 1974, 133) The second is that any attempt to see a text as simply a collection of stylistic elements will tend to sack other ways whereby meaning is produced.(Wetherill. 1974, 133) edit Implicature In Poetic Effects from Literary Pragmatics, the linguist Adrian Pilkington analyses the idea of implicature, as instigated in the previous work of Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson. Implicature may be divided into two categories strong and weak implicature, hitherto between the two extremes there are a variety of other alternatives. The strongest implicature is what is emphatically implied by the vocalizer or writer, while weaker implicatures are the wider possibilities of meaning that the attender or reader may conclude.Pilkingtons poet ic effects, as he terms the concept, are those that achieve most relevance through a wide array of weak implicatures and not those meanings that are simply read in by the hearer or reader. Yet the distinguishing instant at which weak implicatures and the hearer or readers presuppose of meaning diverge remains highly subjective. As Pilkington says there is no clear cut-off point between assumptions which the speaker certainly endorses and assumptions derived purely on the hearers responsibility. (Pilkington.1991, 53)In addition, the stylistic qualities of poetry can be seen as an accompaniment to Pilkingtons poetic effects in understanding a poems meaning. edit Tense Widdowson points out that in Samuel Taylor Coleridges poem The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798), the mystery of the Mariners abrupt appearance is sustained by an idiosyncratic use of tense. (Widdowson. 1992, 40) For instance, the Mariner holds the wedding-guest with his skinny hand in the present tense, but releases it in the past tense ( his hands dropt he. ) only to hold him again, this time with his seem eye, in the present.(Widdowson. 1992, 41) edit The point of poetry Widdowson notices that when the content of poetry is summarised it often refers to very general and humble observations, such as nature is beautiful love is great life is lonely time passes, and so on. (Widdowson. 1992, 9) But to say Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore, So do our minutes hasten to their end William Shakespeare, 60. Or, indeed Love, all alike, no season knows nor clime, Nor hours, days months, which are the rags of time John Donne, The sunniness Rising, Poems (1633).This language gives us a new perspective on familiar themes and allows us to look at them without the personal or social conditioning that we unconsciously associate with them. (Widdowson. 1992, 9) So, although we may still use the same exhausted words and vague terms like love, heart and soul to refer to human experience, to plac e these words in a new and refreshing context allows the poet the ability to acquaint humanity and communicate honestly. This, in part, is stylistics, and this, according to Widdowson, is the point of poetry (Widdowson. 1992, 76). edit See also * Discourse analysis * Acrolect* Aureation * Basilect * Stylometry * Literary language * Standard language * Official language * Classical language * Liturgical language * Gender role in language * Poetics and Linguistics Association * Internet linguistics edit Notes 1. Widdowson, H. G. 1975. Stylistics and the teaching of literature. Longman London. ISBN 0582550769 2. Simpson, Paul. 2004. Stylistics A resource book for students. Routledge p. 2 Stylistics is a method of textual interpretation in which primacy of place is depute to language. 3. Simpson, Paul. 2004. Stylistics A resource book for students. Routledge p.3The preferred object of study in stylistics is literature, whether that be institutionally sanctioned Literature as high art or more popular noncanonical forms of writing. . 4. Lesley Jeffries, Daniel McIntyre, Stylistics, Cambridge University Press, 2010, p1. ISBN 052172869X 5. Talbot J. Taylor, Mutual interpret Scepticism and the Theorizing of Language and Interpretation, Duke University Press, 1992, p91. ISBN 0822312492 6. Ulrich Ammon, Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties, Walter de Gruyter, 1989, p518. ISBN 0899253563 7. Katie Wales, A Dictionary of Stylistics, Pearson Education, 2001, p315.ISBN 0582317371 8. Rob Pope, The English Studies adjudge an Introduction to Language, Literature and Culture, Routledge, 2002, p88. ISBN 0415257107 9. Richard Bradford, A Linguistic register of English Poetry, Routledge, 1993, p8. ISBN 0415070570 10. Nikolas Coupland, Style Language Variation and Identity, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p10. ISBN 0521853036 11. Raman Selden, The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism From Formalism to Poststructuralism, Cambridge University P ress, 1989, p83. ISBN 0521300134 12. Paul Simpson, Stylistics a Resource Book for Students, Routledge, 2004, p75. ISBN 0415281040 13. Helen Leckie-Tarry, Language and Context a Functional Linguistic Theory of Register, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1995, p6. ISBN 1855672723 14. Nikolas Coupland, Style Language Variation and Identity, Cambridge University Press, 2007, p12. ISBN 0521853036 15. Christopher S. Butler, Structure and Function a Guide to Three Major Structural-Functional Theories, John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003, p373. ISBN 1588113612 edit References and related reading * ed. David Birch. 1995. Context and Language A Functional Linguistic Theory of Register (London, New York Pinter) * Richard Bradford.1997. Stylistics (London and New York Routledge) * Michael Burke. 2010. Literary Reading, Cognition and perception An Exploration of the Oceanic Mind (London and New York Routledge) * David Crystal. 1998. Language Play (London Penguin) 1985. A Dictiona ry of Linguistics and Phonetics, second edition (Oxford Basil Blackwell) 1997. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language, second edition (Cambridge Cambridge University Press) * William Downes. 1998. Language and Society, 2nd edition (Cambridge Cambridge University Press) * Roger Fowler. 1996. Linguistic Criticism, 2nd edition (Oxford Oxford University Press) 1995.The Language of George Orwell (London Macmillan Press) * MAK Halliday. 1978. Language as Social Semiotic The Social Interpretation of Language and centre (London Edward Arnold) * Brian Lamont. 2005. First Impressions (Edinburgh Penbury Press) * Geoffrey Leech and Michael H. Short. 1981. Style in Fiction A Linguistic Introduction to English sham Prose (London Longman) * A McIntosh and P Simpson. 1964. The Linguistic Science and Language Teaching (London Longman) * George Orwell. 1949. Nineteen Eighty-Four (London Heinemann) 1964. Inside the giant and Other Essays (London Penguin Books) * Adrian Pilkington. 1991.Poetic Effec ts, Literary Pragmatics, ed. Roger Sell (London Routledge) * ed. Thomas A. Sebeok. 1960. Style in Language (Cambridge, MA MIT Press) * Michael Toolan. 1998. Language in Literature An Introduction to Stylistics (London Hodder Arnold) * Jonathan Swift. 1994. Gullivers Travels (London Penguin Popular Classics) * Katie Wales. 2001. A Dictionary of Stylistics, 2nd edition, (Harlow Longman) * ed. blue jean Jacques Weber. 1996. The Stylistics Reader From Roman Jakobson to the Present (London Arnold Hodder) * PM Wetherill. 1974. Literary Text An Examination of Critical Methods (Oxford Basil Blackwell) * HG Widdowson.1992. Practical Stylistics (Oxford Oxford University Press) * Joseph Williams. 2007. Style Lessons in Clarity and Grace, 9th edition (New York Pearson Longman) edit External links * Checklist of American and British programs in stylistics and literary linguistics * The British Poetics and Linguistics Association * http//www. brianlamont. com/ Retrieved from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stylistics_(literature) Categories Applied linguistics Language varieties and styles Linguistics hush-hush categories Wikipedia holds needing style editing from October 2010 All articles needing style editing Personal tools.* Log in / create history Namespaces * Article * Discussion Variants Views * Read * Edit * View history Actions Search - Top of Form fucking of Form Navigation * Main paginate * Contents * Featured content * Current events * Random article * Donate to Wikipedia Interaction * Help * About Wikipedia * Community portal * Recent changes * Contact Wikipedia Toolbox * What links here * Related changes * Upload file * Special pages * Permanent link * Cite this page target/export * Create a book * Download as PDF * Printable version Languages * * * * Catala * Cesky * Dansk.* Deutsch * Eesti * Espanol * Esperanto * Francais * Galego * * Ido * Bahasa Indonesia * Italiano * * Kiswahili * Magyar * * Nederlands * * Polski * Portugues * Romana * * Sl ovencina * Srpskohrvatski / * Suomi * Svenska * * This page was last modified on 4 March 2011 at 0548. * Text is available under the notional Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License additional terms may apply. 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Education and Poverty Essay Example for Free

Education and P overty look forHow College Admissions Favor Wealthy Students Over Underprivileged Minorities The growing debate over whether college admissions ar partial by overstressing standardized tests and GPA has conk out a very controversial topic in the realm of education. legion(predicate) learners argue that the admission process is unfair in placing a greater emphasis on definite stressed requirements, such(prenominal) as the ACT/SAT, while neglecting to examine the whole appli targett. Those who argue against the admission polity believe that each student in the United States comes from a very diverse background, and each operation should be looked into with intricacy, rather than regarding just their requirements. Although those requirements ar generally what the admission hoi polloi look for in what they discern as a quality student, those who argue against it feel that it is best not to overlook a student who overcame tremendous adversity, but just whit ethorn puzzle conducted a point or cardinal to consider admitted. The central argument against college admissions has to do with whether challenging life conditions outside of school, for a student who is economically dis improvementd, should be weighted more than the slightly higher grade of a student with a unlike socioeconomic background in college admissions.In some cases, high school students must work regular in ensnargon to support their families. If a college had to choose between a student who did not need to support his or her family and got a 33 on his or her ACT, and another student with a 29 on their ACT who worked almost full-time to support a family, which would be more likely to get accepted into an Ivy League college if both students had the same 4.0 GPA, classes, and fare of important clubs, etc.? Odds are, the adept with the higher ACT will get selected, and those who debate the issue feel that this is where it becomes inequitable. Students argue that wor kings over thirty hours per week while taking the same challenging classes classes showings cave in work ethic than a student who has an extra thirty hours a week to study. There are a variety of refugees and immigrants who fled their homelands because of jobs, famines, wars, or particular life threatening circumstances, with verylittle resources to pull in with them. For this reason, it is very difficult for them to absorb the opportunities that well-settled students digest. This includes underground schooling, tutors, standardized test practices, etc. This gives domestic affluent students a better chance to succeed, due to better overall educational opportunities.The education at a private school is superior to that of a exoteric school because of higher set standards and a very well disciplined system. In Teaching With scantiness In Mind, author Eric Jensen exemplifies a chart indicating that family income corre latelys significantly with childrens academic success (10). For poor students, a negative correlation is drawn with absenteeism, the broker that most closely relates to dropout rate. For tests like the ACT and SAT, deprived minorities are at the disadvantage because English would be their second language. Some think that most colleges overlook some(prenominal) variables that determine a students mental capacity. That is why some educators debate that their needs to be more of a holistic approach because sometimes, a certain factor can stunt a student success, when they may have the abilities to become the next Einstein. The economic value of a particular focalize or education is how willing a family is to relocate to provide their children with higher education potential this can be measured by the pricing of housing.Majority of migrant families do not have the major power to relocate and provide better education for their children, meaning that they have to accept being in pauperization and not having a strong educational background (P aleso 3). The SAT has frequently been criticized for providing a cultural advantage for wealthy exsanguinouss. In the website article, SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward washrag Students, Haleigh collins states that tests like the ACT and SAT have been blamed for widening the achievement gap between whites and minorities. dapple the math variance is objective, the critical reading section and writing section describe topics associated mostly with the white demographic. Often the passages are about subjects that white, upper class students are more exposed to. The verbal section favors white students by using language with which they are more familiar than non-white students. Collins also mentions that for 23 years Roy Freedle, a psychologist who industrial plant with ETS (the nonprofit Educational Testing Service that develops, administers, and scores standardized tests), has been working to prove that these emphasized ACT and SAT tests givewhites an un fair advantage. His studies show that minority scores significantly lag when compared to whites of equal economic status.As mentioned above, wealthier test takers benefit from being able to afford tutors that appeal up to hundreds of dollars an hour to private college counselors students with means and get to to additional help can often bring their scores up significantly. For example, several students see a great increase in their scores afterward practicing these tests and taking them over and over. Just through coaching and exposure to the tests, they start seeing trends, which enable them to do a lot better. Students who cant afford or dont have access to this are at a huge disadvantage. Unfortunately, situations such as this occur often. John Overton High rail student Amad Amedy, a full time worker and athlete with an ACT composite score of 29 and a 3.9 GPA, stated that he felt college admissions are crooked. He believed that a underprivileged student who works full time a nd is more active in after-school clubs and sports should be weighted equally, if not higher, than a student who has just decided to focus and do well in school only, especially if they are not that much more accomplished than the working, social student.He discussed that sometimes students get home late from work and do not have time to study because they need to sleep in order to wake up and take an important test in the morning. Amedy concluded by saying that a well-rounded student will use his extensive knowledge of various trades that he picked up from fellowship to get further than someone who just stays at home and studies, and that the social and vocational skills pull in by working and engaging in extracurricular activities are as valuable as the thought gained from studying textbooks and researching academic journals. Another John Overton High School student, Benjamin Demonbreun, who is an unemployed student, salutatorian, and National merit Semifinalist, with a 33 com posite on the ACT and a GPA of 4.0, strongly disagreed with Amedy. Ben believed that the standard requirements were a good way to determine who should be accepted into prestigious universities. He argued that students such as himself worked highly hard, day in and day out, in what they have needed to do, which is get exceptional grades.Alongside Benjamin, students manage that although they may have had a slightly greater advantage, it does not mean that students such as Amedy have worked harder than them or deserve it more, solely because they do a a couple of(prenominal) things outside of school. Ben discussed that he has never needed to support a family school has always been his priority. He believes that emphasis on standardized tests and GPA should not be dismissed by any means because they are a huge determining factor for work ethic, knowledge, and college readiness. In Teaching With Poverty In Mind, Jensen illustrates a few action steps such as more empathy towards the lif e of a migrant student (11). This better understanding may bring home the bacon for a more lax curriculum that allows the student some wiggle room. Such steps are seen in MNPS with a new grading policy allowing retakes until students achieve mastery. A few universities have started to become familiar with this situation, due to growth in immigrant populations in the United States. There have been some universities who have abandoned SAT and ACT scores as a means of selection.A growing amount of selective universities, predominantly Ivy League, are beginning to adopt a holistic admissions policy because the holistic approach is very thorough in evaluating the whole of the applicant, rather than reduce the applicant to a few pieces of empirical data, such as test scores and GPA. The holistic policy offers students a chance to show their accomplishments in several distinct ways, rather than only test scores and grade histories, giving people such as Amedy an opportunity to attend a hi gh-status university and receive a wonderful education. With this policy we may see minorities provide a different perspective in different professions that help advance ball club and technology.Works CitedAmedy, Amad. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014.Collins, Haleigh. SAT Racial Bias Proves Standardized Tests Are Geared Toward White Students. PolicyMic. 12 September 2011. Web. 1 April 2014. Demonbreun, Benjamin. Personal Interview. 5 April 2014.Freedle, Roy. Interview. 1 April 2014.Jensen, Eric. Teaching With Poverty In Mind. 2009. EBooks (10-11), Web. 8 April 2014. Polese, Mario. The Wealth And Poverty Of Regions Why Cities Matter. 2009. EBooks (3). Web. 13 April 2014.