Customer Representative Agreement Delta Laboratories, Inc.

I hope you ve been well. I ve reviewed the information you sent me and have put together some of my thoughts regarding your sales representative agreement. As you ve described it, you are specifically looking for advice on the questions of whether Delta Laboratories, Inc. will have different contractual obligation in different countries with having Inkglass as a representative, if Delta will need to register as an entity in each country, and what financial disclosures will be required by law. In short, I have not found any indication that there will be different contractual obligations from country to country, you will simply have to take Mexico into consideration. Also, for most countries I have researched, you will not need to register as an entity, but for some countries you will have to submit a form or register your information into some sort of Registry to import into their countries. I have also put together some other information for you to consider going forward with you r sales representative agreement. Some countries in Latin America do not require any registration to import into their counties. For example, Chile, Colombia, El Salvador, and Venezuela do not require you to register anything to import. On the other hand, some countries do require registration into at least some sort of Registry: †¢ To import into Mexico, you will need to register with the General Importers Registry, and in order to perform foreign trade operations, companies must hire aShow MoreRelatedThe Boeing Company 2007 Annual Report61846 Words   |  248 Pagesto airlines and U.S. and allied armed forces around the world. Our capabilities include rotorcraft, electronic and defense systems, missiles, satellites, launch systems and advanced information and communication systems. 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Healing Through Rememorizes A Reading Of Toni Morrison’S

Healing Through Rememorizes: A Reading of Toni Morrison’s Beloved Foram Patel Lecturer, E-mail- Abstract Based on fragments borrowed from the Margaret Garner incident, Morrison explores the harrowing nature of slavery in her fifth novel Beloved (1987). But far from being an objective account of slavery, Beloved is a psychological exploration of traumatic experience which examines and internalizes slavery by focusing on the day-to-day lived experiences of the slaves rendering enslavement as an intimate experience for the readers. In the novel, Morrison presents the tortured inner turmoil of the former slaves and the stultifying lives they led. Harrowing experiences leave deep wounds in one’s psyche often tormenting one’s soul. The slaves†¦show more content†¦She intends to fill up the gaps left behind by most slave narratives of 19th century by internalizing the experience of slavery in her novel. In words of Karla F. C. Holloway, Morrison revisions: â€Å"[...] a history both spoken and written, felt and submerged. It is in the coalescence of the known and unknown elements of slavery—the events, minuscule in significance to the captors but major disruptions of black folks’ experience in nurturing and loving and being— where Morrison s reconstruction of the historical text of slavery occurs†. (68) In Beloved (1987), Morrison throws light on the interior life of the slaves emphasizing their psychological agony. Inspired by a historical account of an African-American slave named Margaret Garner who had killed one of her children to save them from slavery, the novel centres around a community of former slaves that has been â€Å"spiritually incapacitated by the trauma of slavery† (Holloway: 68). The ambivalent stance of wishing to forget and remember at the same time the painful history of slavery, is evidenced in her attitude towards the story and its characters. Beloved (1987) revolves around â€Å"the wish to forget and the necessity to remember, to reject and to reclaim; and to elide the boundaries between past and present† (Mckay: 12). In the novel, the character Beloved is Sethe’s baby girl reincarnated as an adult woman. She is the physical manifestation of Sethe’s most painful memory- her killing ofShow MoreRelatedBeloved: Critique with New His toricism1749 Words   |  7 Pages Beloved is a Pulitzer Prize winning novel written by Toni Morrison and published in 1987. The story follows Sethe as she attempts to make peace with her present (for her, post Civil War America) and her past as a former slave and the atrocities she suffered at the hands of the benevolent Gardner family. Information given to the readers from different perspectives, multiple characters, and various time periods allows her audience to piece together the history of the family, their lives, as

Measurement Risk Management and Control †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Measurement Risk Management and Control. Answer: Introduction Risk administration is a device to recognize opportunity and threat afterward break down the identified items to give appropriate ranking, then the mitigation need to be considered on the basis of positions. This information regarding project administration manages the opportunity and threat and plan in like manner with the goal that it doesn't let affect any of the three limitations of the project[1]. SFSU (Silicon Forest State University) has many information system related activities which are being overseen by the OIT (Office of Information Technology) department. The users at back end of OIT utilized 'Request Tracker' for conveying and following the ticketing framework in light of UNIX, while the users at front end were utilizing Remedy framework for creating and following ticketing framework which is being used for monitoring and tracking the bugs. For any sort of demand to users of back end, the users of front end need to physically sort the issue to 'Request Tracker' and this agony stayed for around three years. Yet, now the office chose to change the software being used by the users of front end to 'Request Tracker' and gave the assignment to Ron Bashley to lead the project with the group of Harry Bonnett, but both of them report to two different officers. Opportunity and threats in any task are directed on the prelude of the methods depicted in the risk administration. The activities which fuse into the arranging of risk organization configuration are identified, analyze and rank them[2]. Then accordingly Mitigation and Monitoring risk all through the undertaking life cycle. The opportunities and threats can be of many sorts, and fit for influencing cost, design and quality, specific, legitimately authoritative, obtaining, methodologies etc. A complete purpose of the risk plan is to set the action prepare for all the recognized risks particularly at a range by saying rank low or high. There are distinctive sorts of threats easing strategies or steps which ought to be taken in the wake of positioning all the recognized opportunities and threats. There can be many action plans to mitigate the risk like transferring it, sharing it with any outsider, avoiding it totally or accepting the threats and in case of opportunity, it should be exp lored more. Risk and Opportunity Identification Risk No. 1. Identified on August 27, 2017 by Pike Gresham: there is risk of having cost overrun due to the constraints in the budget made during the financial year Risk No. 2. Identified on August 29, 2017 by Ron Bashley: due to same organizational level of himself and Harry, there can be communication gap during the project execution phase Opportunity No. 1. Identified on September 1, 2017 by Baken Dryhed: because of the already availability of the software with the users of back end the implementation must not take more than a month and help in minimizing the gap Serial No. Description and Cause Likelihood Impact Risk No. 1 There is risk of having cost overrun due to the constraints in the budget made during the financial year High High Risk No. 2 Due to same organizational level of Ron and Harry, there can be communication gap during the project execution phase Low High Opportunity No. 1 Because of the already availability of the software with the users of back end the implementation must not take more than a month and help in minimizing the gap Low Low Risk and Opportunity responses Risk No. 1: since the rank is high and the issue cannot be avoided, so we can plan for its mitigation by having some additional cash reserve as management reserve to counter the miss happening. Risk No. 2: the threat of getting the communication gap causing impact on the project is medium, so it should also be addressed properly by conducting more and more review meetings as per the need of the time. Opportunity No. 1: need to be explored to its maximum extent, so that the project can be finished sooner by assigning more resources. Monitoring and Controlling Risk and Opportunity After executing all the steps of risk and opportunity identifications, analysis and ranking the list must be maintained in the updated risk register. The register must be maintained dynamic by introducing many more risks or opportunities which can be identified during the course of the project being handled by OIT department[4]. Like we performed earlier steps, any more dangers which are distinguished by any of the partners must be examined and given rank accordingly. Along these lines the risks and opportunities must be cross checked all through the project tenure. It can be supported that the identification, analysis and monitoring of the risks and opportunities of OIT project is an absolute necessity prerequisite for any project administration action. In addition once the mitigation design of the considerable number of risks and opportunities are done, they should be checked routinely and register should be refreshed in like manner for controlling the triple limitations of the task. Conclusion So now it can be concluded finally that the project conceived by OIT need to be tracked very cautiously and moreover the cash flow to avoid any kind of overrun, because any overrun can stop the project immediately due to unavailability of excess fund. For maintaining all above constraints, risks and opportunities are required to be assessed and managed properly. References The MITRE Corporation. (2017) Risk Management Approach and Plan. [Online]. https://www.mitre.org/publications/systems-engineering-guide/acquisition-systems-engineering/risk-management/risk-management-approach-and-plan Palmetto Document Systems. (2017) Risk Plan. [Online]. https://www.method123.com/risk-management-plan.php WordPress. (2009, July) Eight to Late: Coxs risk matrix theorem and its implications for project risk management. [Online]. https://eight2late.wordpress.com/2009/07/01/cox%E2%80%99s-risk-matrix-theorem-and-its-implications-for-project-risk-management/ Karen Yvonne Lucas. (2009, February) Effective Risk Management, Measurement, Monitoring Control. [Online]. https://pmibaltimore.org/pmi/events/attachments/Effective-Risk_23-Feb-09_presentation_Columbia.pdf

The CIA in the World in the 1950s

Table of Contents Mossadegh’s Removal Jacobo Arbenz Guzman; Guatemalan President Lauding the CIA’s Work in Iran Downplaying the CIA, emphasizing Communism Personal Point of View Conclusion Works Cited In August 1953, Mossadegh, the then Iranian prime minister, was overthrown through a coup de tat; however, there have been intense speculations about the role of CIA in this coup and other coups that happened after the Second World War II. Some critics have looked at CIA’s involvement negatively. For instance, William Blum has come out clearly to criticize CIA’s involvement. This paper analyzes different excerpts, compiled by Mary Ann Heiss from works of different scholars either supporting CIA or faulting it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The CIA in the World in the 1950’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mossadegh’s Removal Blum posits that Mossadegh pushed successfu lly for nationalization of Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC), which was owned by the British. However, this did not go well with the British and after she failed to reclaim her company, she enlisted the help of the United States of America. Amongst those who supported the removal of Mossadegh was John Foster Dulles, an anticommunist who referred to Mossadegh as a lunatic. Therefore, Americans got involved in the removal of Mossadegh than the British. Before the oust, the Americans tried diverse ways to attack Mossadegh including an attempt to announce Mossadegh’s ‘compulsory leave’ replacing him with Fazlollah Zahedi among other dirty tactics that would implicate Mossadegh in all wrong doings. Nevertheless, Mossadegh utilized his constitutional powers and stayed put. Unfortunately, the CIA invented new tactics and later overthrew Mossadegh. Blum insinuates that CIA’s interest was in the rich oil deposits around Iran. Jacobo Arbenz Guzman; Guatemalan Presid ent According to Blum, after CIA’s successful coup against Mossadegh, it applied the same tactics to oust Guzman, a year later. The reason behind this coup was that Guatemala was on the precipice of communism under the leadership of Guzman; however, Blum sees more than these claims in this coup. Blum reveals that John Peurifoy, the U.S ambassador to Guatemala warned that, â€Å"We cannot permit a Soviet Republic to be established between Texas and the Panama Canal†¦the Soviet Union might actually seize the canal† (Heiss 169). Therefore, America’s interest was not stopping Guatemala from plunging into communism; on the contrary, it was to protect the Panama Canal. After the coup, America accused Guatemala of getting weapons from Czechoslovakia; however, it emerged that Czechoslovakia ‘gave’ weapons to Guatemala but for money. This could have happened with any other country wiling to buy weapons. The other reason behind America’s interest in Guatemala was land. Blum points out that the United Fruit Company executives pressured America to topple Guzman because he had expropriated much of its land and the $525, 000 that the government was offering was peanuts compared to the company’s $16 million asking price. Moreover, Anne Whiteman doubled as President Eisenhower personal secretary and wife to one of the executives of the company and this explains why the company had much influence in pushing for Guzman’s removal. Guzman made it clear that, â€Å"Foreign capital will always be welcome as long as it adjusts to local conditions, always subordinate to Guatemalan laws†¦and strictly restrains from intervening in the national’s social and political life† (Heiss 173). Unfortunately, America was not willing to adhere to these laws hence the coup in 1954. Blum argues that the CIA had even tried to bribe Guzman through a Swiss bank; however, Guzman refused and consequently overthrown.Advertis ing Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lauding the CIA’s Work in Iran Despite the fact that many critics questioned the role of CIA’s in different coups, there are those who laud CIA’s intervention in different cases. For instance, in their work, The Mysterious Doings of CIA, Richard, and Gladys Harkness laud CIA’s work. According to Harkness and Harkness, â€Å"On May 28, 1953, President Eisenhower received a letter from Mossadegh†¦The United States would fill his (Mossadegh) bankruptcy account with American dollars ‘or else.’ The ‘or else’, Mossadegh hinted darkly, would be an economic agreement and mutual-defense pact with Russia† (Heiss 175). This was blackmail and CIA acted in the best interest of everyone. Moreover, it halted Iran from walking down the communism path. CIA pursued common good for everyone and freedom for those w ho tirelessly sought liberty at the risk of their lives. Downplaying the CIA, emphasizing Communism Concerning the issue of Guatemala, some scholars support Guzman’s removal. Fredrick Marks III is one of such supporters as he expounds in his work; The CIA and Castillo Armas in Guatemala; New Clues to an Old Puzzle. Mark III emphasizes that, communism was a threat to Guatemala and CIA acted appropriately by overthrowing President Guzman. The then Secretary of State John Dulles said, â€Å"Military force should not be used aggressively to achieve national goals† (Heiss 176). However, at the same time, the U.S got involved in the removal of Guzman. This fact shows that there was a good reason behind CIA’s involvement in the removal of this popularly elected president. What was it then? Marks III posits that, even though Guzman’s cabinet was void of communists, he was surrounded by them running from his advisers, through close allied legislators to communist sympathizers. â€Å"By March 1954, Church leaders, journalists, and even prominent anticommunist citizens started receiving death threats. Score of people just ‘disappeared’ and Soviet Bloc arms started pouring into the country† (Heiss 177). All these events heralded communism and not even Guzman himself could deny that. Therefore, CIA intervened just at the right time to rescue Guatemala from becoming a communist state.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The CIA in the World in the 1950’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal Point of View Well, future behaviors can be predicted through past and present behavior; therefore, it logically follows that, past behaviors can be determined from future and present behaviors. Looking at current and recent past CIA’s dealings, it is compelling to conclude that it did not act in good faith in ousting both Guzman and Mossadegh. CIA has always acted in ‘personal’ interests. For instance, when millions of innocent Rwandese citizens were being hacked to death in the 1994 massacre, the CIA was just watching and never did anything to stop these crimes against humanity. However, there has been a lot of interest from Far East and this is directly linked to the benefits that the U.S gets from the same; oil. Principles and policies do not change overnight and if CIA acted solely to prevent communism in both Iran and Guatemala, the same principles would have applied in the case of Rwanda. Unfortunately, Rwanda had nothing that would benefit the U.S; therefore, there were no ‘matters of international’ concern that would stir up the CIA. The United States of America has always acted to guard her interests and the same happened in Guatemala and Iran; unfortunately, both Mossadegh and Guzman were only victims as they treaded on dangerous grounds by opposing the U.S.; therefore, they had to go. Conclu sion CIA’s dealings in 1950s attracted friends and foes alike. There are those who supported its involvement in two different coups that saw the removal of Guzman of Guatemala and Mossadegh of Iran. Fredrick Marks III, Robert Harkeness, and Gladys Harkness are such supporters who justify CIA’s dealings. However, the likes of William Blum dismisses CIA’s dealings as ‘personal interest’ moves that had nothing to do with stopping these two countries from becoming communist states. Nevertheless, CIA has on many occasions acted in ‘personal’ interest, not for the common good of everyone. Works Cited Heiss, Mary. (Ed). â€Å"The CIA in the World in the 1950s.† Common Courage Press, 1995. This essay on The CIA in the World in the 1950’s was written and submitted by user Ciara Walton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women and Politics an Example by

Women and Politics Throughout history, women have been disenfranchised and neglected in the men dominated political leadership in all societies in the world. The American society in not exceptional due to the fact that very few women have ever served in important political positions in the country. The legal and social systems have historically given men more economic, social and political opportunity while the most important social and cultural role of women in the society remains wifehood and motherhood. However, there have been several changes throughout the 20th century where an increasing number of women have raised in their social status. Over the last few decades, women in the United States have excelled in the academia, the corporate world, sports and other aspects of the society. Women sit in the Supreme Court, the highest court in the United States and hold important government offices in the country. However, why women are still underrepresented in the political life or even why we are yet t o have a woman president is still a mystery (Karlson, pg 1). Need essay sample on "Women and Politics" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Majority of reasons why women are underrepresented in the political and social life in the society are historical. Since the ancient times, women were considered intellectually inferior and a source of evil. Their main role was to bear children and take care of their husbands and had no position in the social life. It is interesting to note that the women throughout the world accepted this position in the society. Moreover, the early Christian ideologies, from which most of the American social ideologies are derived from, have perpetuated these ideas. Women have been considered the weaker sex and have only been assigned domestic chores in the society. It is also clear that formal education in girls has over the years been considered to be secondary. However, this has changed since the end of the Second World War where the American women have proved their worth in the education systems and consequently in the corporate and social life (Karlson, p 1). Another important issue that has limited the participation of women in the social and political life in America has been their legal position. The status of a woman in the American systems has deepened the misconception that women are inferior compared to men. The common law does not give a woman any legal recognition and is not allowed to own property. Historically, the American law has rendered the woman defenseless in the management of family and social affairs. For many years, women in the United States had no voting rights which denied them the opportunity to try their hand in politics. It was not until the early 20th century when women in the United States were given the right to vote. Despite this, their political roles in the country have remained limited (Karlson, p 1). Another important factor that has limited the involvement of women in the American politics is the hurdle in raising funds. Women can make politicians, who are as good as men politicians or even better, but political campaigns require substantial amount of funds which majority of women are unable to raise on their own. Even if they have an opportunity, they always hesitate to announce their intentions. However, some women are powerful enough to overcome the funding hurdles that limit women involvement in politics but the prejudice and misconception about their abilities is a major obstacle to their success in politics (Compton's NewMedia, p 1). Work Cited Compton's NewMedia. Women's History in America, 1995 Karlson, Katherine. Women in Politics, 2002.

Free Essays on The Legend Of The Black Bayoy

â€Å"Are you listening?† the old man wheezed with a raspy voice. â€Å"Uh yeah, yeah I'm listening. I’m turning the recorder on right now, Mr. Taylor.† Dave said as he pushed the record button and readjusted his thin rimmed glasses. He looked around the hospital room for a glass of water and found it on the bed tray with un-touched hospital meatloaf. Taking a swig and then readjusting his tie, he leaned back in his chair and grabbed a legal pad and then clicked his pen. â€Å"Go right ahead Mr. Taylor† said Dave looking ready to write. The truth was he wasn’t going to write much. He was going to let the tape recorder record everything this old man had to say, type it word for word, hand it to him, then collect his check. More or less that was the agreement, so that was what he was going to do. Thinking about all of the graduate homework that actually demands some creativity and some punctuality come soon, made him regret taking this guy up on his offer. But, $5,000 would cover a semester, and it’s only a couple of days work. Besides, this guy's got what, a week or two to live; he won’t care if it’s that good or not. Mr. Taylor elevated his seat to make himself level with the young man. At first he was looking down, the old skin sagging with gravity, but as the bed reached its highest point he turns. His eyes are a dark and empty stare. Almost hollow. His hand slowly rose up, up to his head, moving his fingers where his hair used to be, as if it were still there. â€Å"I used to own a convertible you know. A baby blue Cadillac convertible. It was a gift for being the best salesman in the region. The only state in the south that I hadn’t sold in yet was Louisiana. So when they asked me if I would like to work down there for a bit, I thought it would be fun. Go down to New Orleans, go gator hunten, meet some new girls.† said Mr. Taylor as he smiled. â€Å"My little brother had just graduated high school, so I got him ... Free Essays on The Legend Of The Black Bayoy Free Essays on The Legend Of The Black Bayoy â€Å"Are you listening?† the old man wheezed with a raspy voice. â€Å"Uh yeah, yeah I'm listening. I’m turning the recorder on right now, Mr. Taylor.† Dave said as he pushed the record button and readjusted his thin rimmed glasses. He looked around the hospital room for a glass of water and found it on the bed tray with un-touched hospital meatloaf. Taking a swig and then readjusting his tie, he leaned back in his chair and grabbed a legal pad and then clicked his pen. â€Å"Go right ahead Mr. Taylor† said Dave looking ready to write. The truth was he wasn’t going to write much. He was going to let the tape recorder record everything this old man had to say, type it word for word, hand it to him, then collect his check. More or less that was the agreement, so that was what he was going to do. Thinking about all of the graduate homework that actually demands some creativity and some punctuality come soon, made him regret taking this guy up on his offer. But, $5,000 would cover a semester, and it’s only a couple of days work. Besides, this guy's got what, a week or two to live; he won’t care if it’s that good or not. Mr. Taylor elevated his seat to make himself level with the young man. At first he was looking down, the old skin sagging with gravity, but as the bed reached its highest point he turns. His eyes are a dark and empty stare. Almost hollow. His hand slowly rose up, up to his head, moving his fingers where his hair used to be, as if it were still there. â€Å"I used to own a convertible you know. A baby blue Cadillac convertible. It was a gift for being the best salesman in the region. The only state in the south that I hadn’t sold in yet was Louisiana. So when they asked me if I would like to work down there for a bit, I thought it would be fun. Go down to New Orleans, go gator hunten, meet some new girls.† said Mr. Taylor as he smiled. â€Å"My little brother had just graduated high school, so I got him ...

Feed R&D Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Feed R&D - Essay Example Ray is quite not ready to outsource the R & K technology and thinks that the company is going to collapse after outsourcing the R & K (Nohria 2005). The company RLK Media has another option of procuring the software engineering skills from a skilled and expert company. Ray gives opinion of appointing the best persons from the market for his support in the innovation but the company is not in a position to endure higher expenses that are related to the option of Ray. Lars can procure the software engineering services from Inova, which is an Indian firm for the expansion of R & D. on the other hand, the technology of R & K can also be outsourced as the chairman of the company wants (Nohria 2005). Outsourcing is not a good option for the company, as there are chances of collapsing of the company. The procurement of software engineering services is a good solution for the company. Lars who is working in RLK Media as a CEO of the company was going through a hard process of decision making concerning feeding R & D or just farming it out, as is explained in the case study (Nohria 2005). The company RLK Media was famous because of its innovations but at this juncture, they are not getting positive response from the customer, as there are no new innovations by the company. Ray Kelner was the founder of RLK Media and was also the chief scientist of the company, as he was the major contributor in the innovations (Nohria 2005). Ray was experimenting with headset technology. Customers were attracted towards the products by RLK Media because of the innovations that they come up with their products (Nohria 2005). The chairman of RLK Media, Keith Herrington was very disappointed because of the company’s current situation and the unresponsiveness of customers for RLK Media’s products. According to his opinion, Lars was required to outsource R & K. on

Security Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security Management - Essay Example The organization needs security training on function and responsibilities of the security and non-security personnel. The organization needs to training on the policies, procedures and rules that govern security matters in the organization. The non-security personnel need training on public relations issues such as conflict resolution and liaison with law enforcement agencies (McCrie, 2007). The security personnel must be trained on how to detect, deter and report security breach incidents and handling of emergencies such as disasters and the security guard safety precautions (McCrie, 2007). The personnel need training on communications and report writing skills. The security personnel should be trained on access controls, documentation, identification systems, and security surveys. Accordingly, both security and non-security staff need training on emergency services such as First aid, fire fighting and crowd control (McCrie, 2007). The security personnel should receive training on h ow to counter robbery, arson, sabotage, shoplifting and burglary (McCrie, 2007). Some of the training programs that will be used include classroom training through use of discussions, lectures and presentations. On the job-training is critical for security personnel and will include the use of training methods such as computer-aided interactive instructions that will enable the personnel to identify the security risks, attack methods and detection of security breaches (McCrie, 2007). Demonstrations will be useful in training the guards on handling of visitors and first aid operations. Role playing will training the personnel on handling incidents of burglary, robbery and shoplifting in the organization. Ongoing ‘in-service’ training will be implemented in order to maintain the knowledge, skills and attitudes of employees through issues of lectures, presentations and handouts on the

Exam questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Exam questions - Essay Example They include introduction, research questions and objectives, literature review, methodology, results and findings, discussion and conclusions. Introduction provides background of the study and the statement of the problem. Before carrying out a research, researchers need to identify the problem to be solved. Researches are used in developing solutions to particular problems. In order to create a deeper understanding on the problem, the background of the study will provide a synopsis of some of the theoretical aspects involved within the study. The second section is research questions and objectives. Once a research problem has been identified, researchers have to develop various objectives/aims attainable at the end of the research. Whilst attaining such aims or objectives, there are questions that researchers need to develop and provide their answers. It is in answering research questions that research objectives are attained. Literature review is a section that provides short desc ription as well as critical evaluation of previous works related to the topic of study. Literature review section in most cases surveys scholarly articles, books, and other relevant materials whilst aiming at offering an overview of the importance of such works on the topic of study. Methodology defines the overall plan and materials applicable in conducting the research. Methodology section usually involves population under study, sampling methods, data collection, analysis, and presentation methods. Through this section, researchers are able to chronologically state how the study was conducted. Results and findings involve displaying of collected data from the sample. Here, the researcher provides all the results and information found during the research. It is important to provide results and findings since they form the basis or evidence of making discussion and conclusions. Discussion and conclusions section is the last of the six, which uses the results and findings to critica lly analyze the concepts of the study. Based on the topic of research, discussions and conclusions aim at providing an in-depth analysis of the data obtained in a view to answering research questions and attaining research objectives. In most case, conclusions of researches are accompanied by generalizations and recommendations. Part 2 Research in an academic journal article is likely to differ from research presented in a daily newspaper. Firstly, research in a journal article is likely to have the aforementioned six parts; introduction, research questions and objectives, literature review, methodology, results, discussions and conclusion, which are not likely to be found in daily newspaper research. Whereas daily newspaper researches reports aim at presenting what occurred in a given scenario, research reports on journal articles will always identify the problem within a scenario whilst developing appropriate solutions. Notably, research reports in daily newspaper will not provide a discussion of other works in relation to the topic of discussion whereas research reports in journal articles will have to identify what previous studies indicated on the topic. It is also evident that while research reports in daily newspapers do not provide a general idea of a given topic, the research reports in academic journal articles will always present a general view of the problem under scrutiny. Daily newspaper reports may not entail serious ethical standards like consent from the participants but for reports on

The War Of Nerves History Essay

The War Of Nerves History Essay The Cold War was a war that began after WWII between the United States and USSR. It was called the Cold War because this was a war of nerves. fought without using any type of artillery. This whole war was fought completely with words. [No, it was also fought in little countries] It was way to dangerous for both The USSR which was Russia [Russia was one segment of the USSR] to fight with the United States so they fought they basically pulled strings and fought using other countries. The United States helped [What about Korea?] South Vietnam as well as Afghanistan while Russia helped supply North Vietnam. That in a sense is how it evolved from the countries talking to war. These things coming forth lead to the Truman Doctrine being born. This doctrine clearly stated that the US would lend aid to all countries and free people who were willing to take a stand against the Soviet Union. Truman recognized that the growing of communism would be very to not just the US but other countries such as Greece who were already involved in civil wars would easily fall into communism with the promise of financial and military backing. Following the decree the US sent 400 million and the Union of NATO would then be formed. It then became known as a form of containment because the US used it to stall the spread of communism. Not only did it stall the Communists it helped the US expand their security as well as their influence. This tatic would prove to be very helpful and slow down the expansion in Korea, China, and Vietnam. NATO is beginning to step in and take affect as well. NATO is the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It provided military defenses and began to allow some trade which the Soviet Union did not want. Many people believe it was the best defensive plan for slowing down and eventually somewhat controlling communism. Countries aligned and the Us sent troops to help over sea being clear to not try to envoke the the already angry soviet union. Therefore NATO had a really big affect in the Cold War. Upon slowing down the Soviet Union the US established the Marshall Plan. It helped rebuild the economic foundation for the countries in Europe. Even though the US was involved in war with the USSR they offered them the same kind of help but they chose to decline it seeing it as a slap in the face or rather a taunt. George Marshall put the plan together and it was his idea to offer it to the USSR. It helped in the Industrial and Agricultural production in the countries. To many people it was believed to be a very important part of the recovery of those countries that needed it. The Marshall Plan also allowed some form of trade between the countries. It still remains a key reason to ending the war. The US basically ran a close hand over the Cold War. They over seen just about everything and pretty much won the war without having to take up arms. They won the war using strategy and carefully placed plans and power of the dollar. We became the most influential and powerful nation as far as political and militarily. We did it militarily even though we did not have to fight at all. The US basically did not want the Soviet Union to become window to foreign trade like they wanted to become. They basically controlled the war while the Soviet Union tried to find ways around the US continuously running into road blocks such as the Marshall Plan and the Truman doctrine. There were many events that took place in the Cold War. The Berlin blockade was a major event. Stalin did this so that the people in West berlin could not receive food, supplies and anything else they might need. This then brought about another major even the airlift in which the US, Britain, France, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia air lifted good to west Berlin. Another event was the cancellation of the radio in Europe. But the last of the major events was the Berlin crisis. It kept the immigrants from coming in and getting out. Many people refereed to it as a Brain Drain to the younger people and generation. This just brought on more drama such as with the missles that almost brought in nuclear warfare. The Cold War lasted a very long time. From (1947- to 1991). It all started fall apart in 1989. The soviet Union was beginning to lose its power. Many believe the loss in power truly started when the Moscow Pact began to fall thorugh and major leaders and authority figures began to abandon the Union. The final blow to the Soviet Union began when the Berlin Wall came down that showed they had no more power and the people were taking back their freedom and their lifeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. In conclusion this whole war really could have been avoided if they would have just stopped trying to control the people of Eastern Europe. With Stalin in power in the USSR there was no way it could have been avoided. Unless you are William Faulkner, this essay should have been divided into paragraph. Where are your sources for this information?

Breakfast of Champions: Plague of Unhappiness :: Breakfast of Champions Essays

Breakfast of Champions: Plague of Unhappiness  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚      "The motto of Dwayne Hoover's and Kilgore Trout's nation E pluribus unum, Out of Many One" (9). Out of many characters the narrator chooses one, Kilgore Trout, to achieve success. He and Dwayne Hoover are main characters in Kurt Vonnegut's novel Breakfast of Champions (1973). This book is a microcosm of modern American society. Every character symbolizes a different part of the society. The main characters, Dwayne and Kilgore, are symbols; Dwayne representing the successful family man and business person, and Kilgore representing the lonely and unsuccessful people of the world. This novel reveals the misconception people have concerning the relationships between being wealthy and successful and being happy. "We never discussed what kind of funeral you wanted," (18) said Kilgore Trout to his pet parakeet, and only friend. Kilgore was born in Bermuda. When he was young, he worked with his father trying to save the endangered Bermuda Erns. When an Ern would die, Kilgore had the gruesome task of measuring the dead birds wingspan. He seemed doomed from childhood. "The pessimism that overwhelmed him in later life very likely had its roots in the bittersweet mulch of rotting Erns" (31). This pessimism destroys every human relationship Kilgore Trout has. For this reason, Kilgore is a lonely middle-aged man expecting nothing more from his life than to die alone. The only way he outwardly expresses himself is through writing science fiction novels and short stories. One man has taken interest in Kilgore's writing. His name is Mr. Rosewater, a very rich man who earned his riches by running coal mines in the mountains of West Virginia. In his eyes Kilgore Trout is a genius. Rosewater funds an extensive search to find Kilgore's address. Once he has the address, he sends Kilgore a fan letter. Kilgore perceives this letter as an invasion of his privacy. Rosewater insists he is not intruding and promises to make Kilgore famous. Trout says, "Keep the hell out of my body bag" (33). Rosewater uses his influences to get Kilgore invited to an art show in Midland City. At this art festival, Kilgore will be one of the main speakers. Kilgore, with no intentions of going at first, says, "I'm not going. I don't want out of my cage" (36). The same pessimism that is causing him to live a lonely, unfulfilled life is also the reason he decides to go the art festival.

Vampire Academy Chapter 13

THIRTEEN THE AFTERMATH OF JESSE AND Ralf's lies was about as horrible as I'd expected. The only way I survived was by putting blinders on, by ignoring everyone and everything. It kept me sane – barely – but I hated it. I felt like crying all the time. I lost my appetite and didn't sleep well. Yet, no matter how bad it got for me, I didn't worry about myself as much as I did Lissa. She stood by her promise to change things. It was slow at first, but gradually, I would see a royal or two come up to her at lunch or in class and say hello. She'd turn on a brilliant smile, laughing and talking to them like they were all best friends. At first, I didn't understand how she was pulling it off. She'd told me she would use compulsion to win the other royals over and turn them against Mia. But I didn't see it happening. It was possible, of course, that she was winning people over without compulsion. After all, she was funny, smart, and nice. Anyone would like her. Something told me she wasn't winning friends the old-fashioned way, and I finally figured it out. She was using compulsion when I wasn't around. I only saw her for a small part of the day, and since she knew I didn't approve, she only worked her power when I was away. After a few days of this secret compulsion, I knew what I needed to do: I had to get back in her head again. By choice. I'd done it before; I could do it again. At least, that's what I told myself, sitting and spacing out in Stan's class one day. But it wasn't as easy as I'd thought it would be, partly because I felt too keyed up to relax and open myself to her thoughts. I also had trouble because I picked a time when she felt relatively calm. She came through the â€Å"loudest† when her emotions were running strong. Still, I tried to do what I'd done before, back when I'd spied on her and Christian. The meditation thing. Slow breathing. Eyes closed. Mental focus like that still wasn't easy for me, but at long last I managed the transition, slipping into her head and experiencing the world as hers. She stood in her American lit class, during project-work time, but, like most of the students, she wasn't working. She and Camille Conta leaned against a wall on the far side of the room, talking in hushed voices. â€Å"It's gross,† said Camille firmly, a frown crossing her pretty face. She had on a blue skirt made of velvet-like fabric, short enough to show off her long legs and possibly raise eyes about the dress code. â€Å"If you guys were doing it, I'm not surprised she got addicted and did it with Jesse.† â€Å"She didn't do it with Jesse,† insisted Lissa. â€Å"And it's not like we had sex. We just didn't have any feeders, that's all.† Lissa focused her full attention on Camille and smiled. â€Å"It's no big deal. Everyone's overreacting.† Camille looked like she seriously doubted this, and then, the more she stared at Lissa, the more unfocused her eyes became. A blank look fell over her. â€Å"Right?† asked Lissa, voice like silk. â€Å"It's not a big deal.† The frown returned. Camille tried to shake the compulsion. That fact that it'd even gotten this far was incredible. As Christian had observed, using it on Moroi was unheard of. Camille, although strong-willed, lost the battle. â€Å"Yeah,† she said slowly. â€Å"It's really not that big a deal.† â€Å"And Jesse's lying.† She nodded. â€Å"Definitely lying.† A mental strain burned inside of Lissa as she held onto the compulsion. It took a lot of effort, and she wasn't finished. â€Å"What are you guys doing tonight?† â€Å"Carly and I are going to study for Mattheson's test in her room.† â€Å"Invite me.† Camille thought about it. â€Å"Hey, you want to study with us?† â€Å"Sure,† said Lissa, smiling at her. Camille smiled back. Lissa dropped the compulsion, and a wave of dizziness swept over her. She felt weak. Camille glanced around, momentarily surprised, then shook off the weirdness. â€Å"See you after dinner then.† â€Å"See you,† murmured Lissa, watching her walk away. When Camille was gone, Lissa reached up to tie her hair up in a ponytail. Her fingers couldn't quite get all the hair through, and suddenly, another pair of hands caught hold and helped her. She spun around and found herself staring into Christian's ice-blue eyes. She jerked away from him. â€Å"Don't do that!† she exclaimed, shivering at the realization that it had been his fingers touching her. He gave her his lazy, slightly twisted smile and brushed a few pieces of unruly black hair out of his face. â€Å"Are you asking me or ordering me?† â€Å"Shut up.† She glanced around, both to avoid his eyes and make sure no one saw them together. â€Å"What's the matter? Worried about what your slaves'll think if they see you talking to me?† â€Å"They're my friends,† she retorted. â€Å"Oh. Right. Of course they are. I mean, from what I saw, Camille would probably do anything for you, right? Friends till the end.† He crossed his arms over his chest, and in spite of her anger, she couldn't help but notice how the silvery gray of his shirt set off his black hair and blue eyes. â€Å"At least she isn't like you. She doesn't pretend to be my friend one day and then ignore me for no reason.† An uncertain look flickered across his features. Tension and anger had built up between them in the last week, ever since I'd yelled at Christian after the royal reception. Believing what I'd told him, Christian had stopped talking to her and had treated her rudely every time she'd tried to start a conversation. Now, hurt and confused, she'd given up attempts at being nice. The situation just kept getting worse and worse. Looking out through Lissa's eyes, I could see that he still cared about her and still wanted her. His pride had been hurt, however, and he wasn't about to show weakness. â€Å"Yeah?† he said in a low, cruel voice. â€Å"I thought that was the way all royals were supposed to act. You certainly seem to be doing a good job with it. Or maybe you're just using compulsion on me to make me think you're a two-faced bitch. Maybe you really aren't. But I doubt it.† Lissa flushed at the word compulsion – and cast another worried look around – but decided not to give him the satisfaction of arguing anymore. She simply gave him one last glare before storming off to join a group of royals huddled over an assignment Returning to myself, I stared blankly around the classroom, processing what I'd seen. Some tiny, tiny part of me was starting to feel sorry for Christian. It was only a tiny part, though, and very easy to ignore. At the beginning of the next day, I headed out to meet Dimitri. These practices were my favorite part of the day now, partly because of my stupid crush on him and partly because I didn't have to be around the others. He and I started with running as usual, and he ran with me, quiet and almost gentle in his instructions, probably worried about causing some sort of breakdown. He knew about the rumors somehow, but he never mentioned them. When we finished, he led me through an offensive exercise where I could use any makeshift weapons I could find to attack him. To my surprise, I managed to land a few blows on him, although they seemed to do me more damage than him. The impacts always made me stagger back, but he never budged. It still didn't stop me from attacking and attacking, fighting with an almost blind rage. I didn't know who I really fought in those moments: Mia or Jesse or Ralf. Maybe all of them. Dimitri finally called a break. We carried the equipment we'd used on the field and returned everything to the supply room. While putting it away, he glanced at me and did a double take. â€Å"Your hands.† He swore in Russian. I could recognize it by now, but he refused to teach me what any of it meant. â€Å"Where are your gloves?† I looked down at my hands. They'd suffered for weeks, and today had only made them worse. The cold had turned the skin raw and chapped, and some parts were actually bleeding a little. My blisters swelled. â€Å"Don't have any. Never needed them in Portland.† He swore again and beckoned me to a chair while he retrieved a first-aid kit. Wiping away the blood with a wet cloth, he told me gruffly, â€Å"We'll get you some.† I looked down at my destroyed hands as he worked. â€Å"This is only the start, isn't it?† â€Å"Of what?† â€Å"Me. Turning into Alberta. Her†¦and all the other female guardians. They're all leathery and stuff. Fighting and training and always being outdoors – they aren't pretty anymore.† I paused. â€Å"This†¦this life. It destroys them. Their looks, I mean.† He hesitated for a moment and looked up from my hands. Those warm brown eyes surveyed me, and something tightened in my chest. Damn it. I had to stop feeling this way around him. â€Å"It won't happen to you. You're too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He groped for the right word, and I mentally substituted all sorts of possibilities. Goddess-like. Scorchingly sexy. Giving up, he simply said, â€Å"It won't happen to you.† He turned his attention back to my hands. Did he†¦did he think I was pretty? I never doubted the reaction I caused among guys my own age, but with him, I didn't know. The tightening in my chest increased. â€Å"It happened to my mom. She used to be beautiful. I guess she still is, sort of. But not the way she used to be.† Bitterly, I added, â€Å"Haven't seen her in a while. She could look completely different for all I know.† â€Å"You don't like your mother,† he observed. â€Å"You noticed that, huh?† â€Å"You barely know her.† â€Å"That's the point. She abandoned me. She left me to be raised by the Academy.† When he finished cleaning my open wounds, he found a jar of salve and began rubbing it into the rough parts of my skin. I sort of got lost in the feel of his hands massaging mine. â€Å"You say that†¦but what else should she have done? I know you want to be a guardian. I know how much it means to you. Do you think she feels any differently? Do you think she should have quit to raise you when you'd spend most of your life here anyway?† I didn't like having reasonable arguments thrown at me. â€Å"Are you saying I'm a hypocrite?† â€Å"I'm just saying maybe you shouldn't be so hard on her. She's a very respected dhampir woman. She's set you on the path to be the same.† â€Å"It wouldn't kill her to visit more,† I muttered. â€Å"But I guess you're right. A little. It could have been worse, I suppose. I could have been raised with blood whores.† Dimitri looked up. â€Å"I was raised in a dhampir commune. They aren't as bad as you think.† â€Å"Oh.† I suddenly felt stupid. â€Å"I didn't mean – â€Å" â€Å"It's all right.† He focused his attention back on my hands. â€Å"So, did you, like, have family there? Grow up with them?† He nodded. â€Å"My mother and two sisters. I didn't see them much after I went to school, but we still keep in touch. Mostly, the communities are about family. There's a lot of love there, no matter what stories you've heard.† My bitterness returned, and I glanced down to hide my glare. Dimitri had had a happier family life with his disgraced mother and relatives than I'd had with my â€Å"respected† guardian mother. He most certainly knew his mother better than I knew mine. â€Å"Yeah, but†¦isn't it weird? Aren't there a lot of Moroi men visiting to, you know?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His hands rubbed circles into mine. â€Å"Sometimes.† There was something dangerous in his tone, something that told me this was an unwelcome topic. â€Å"I-I'm sorry. I didn't mean to bring up something bad†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Actually†¦you probably wouldn't think it's bad,† he said after almost a minute had passed. A tight smile formed on his lips. â€Å"You don't know your father, do you?† I shook my head. â€Å"No. All I know is he must have had wicked cool hair.† Dimitri glanced up, and his eyes swept me. â€Å"Yes. He must have.† Returning to my hands, he said carefully, â€Å"I knew mine.† I froze. â€Å"Really? Most Moroi guys don't stay – I mean, some do, but you know, usually they just – â€Å" â€Å"Well, he liked my mother.† He didn't say â€Å"liked† in a nice way. â€Å"And he visited her a lot. He's my sisters' father too. But when he came†¦well, he didn't treat my mother very well. He did some horrible things.† â€Å"Like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I hesitated. This was Dimitri's mother we were talking about. I didn't know how far I could go. â€Å"Blood-whore things?† â€Å"Like beating-her-up kinds of things,† he replied flatly. He'd finished the bandages but was still holding my hands. I don't even know if he noticed. I certainly did. His were warm and large, with long and graceful fingers. Fingers that might have played the piano in another life. â€Å"Oh God,† I said. How horrible. I tightened my hands in his. He squeezed back. â€Å"That's horrible. And she†¦she just let it happen?† â€Å"She did.† The corner of his mouth turned up into a sly, sad smile. â€Å"But I didn't.† Excitement surged through me. â€Å"Tell me, tell me you beat the crap out of him.† His smile grew. â€Å"I did.† â€Å"Wow.† I hadn't thought Dimitri could be any cooler, but I was wrong. â€Å"You beat up your dad. I mean, that's really horrible†¦what happened. But, wow. You really are a god.† He blinked. â€Å"What?† â€Å"Uh, nothing.† Hastily, I tried to change the subject. â€Å"How old were you?† He still seemed to be puzzling out the god comment. â€Å"Thirteen.† Whoa. Definitely a god. â€Å"You beat up your dad when you were thirteen?† â€Å"It wasn't that hard. I was stronger than he was, almost as tall. I couldn't let him keep doing that. He had to learn that being royal and Moroi doesn't mean you can do anything you want to other people – even blood whores.† I stared. I couldn't believe he'd just said that about his mother. â€Å"I'm sorry.† â€Å"It's all right.† Pieces clicked into place for me. â€Å"That's why you got so upset about Jesse, isn't it? He was another royal, trying to take advantage of a dhampir girl.† Dimitri averted his eyes. â€Å"I got upset over that for a lot of reasons. After all, you were breaking the rules, and†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He didn't finish, but he looked back into my eyes in a way that made warmth build between us. Thinking about Jesse soon darkened my mood, unfortunately. I looked down. â€Å"I know you heard what people are saying, that I – â€Å" â€Å"I know it's not true,† he interrupted. His immediate, certain answer surprised me, and I stupidly found myself questioning it. â€Å"Yeah, but how do you – â€Å" â€Å"Because I know you,† he replied firmly. â€Å"I know your character. I know you're going to be a great guardian.† His confidence made that warm feeling return. â€Å"I'm glad someone does. Everyone else thinks I'm totally irresponsible.† â€Å"With the way you worry more about Lissa than yourself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head. â€Å"No. You understand your responsibilities better than guardians twice your age. You'll do what you have to do to succeed.† I thought about that. â€Å"I don't know if I can do everything I have to do.† He did that cool one-eyebrow thing. â€Å"I don't want to cut my hair,† I explained. He looked puzzled. â€Å"You don't have to cut your hair. It's not required.† â€Å"All the other guardian women do. They show off their tattoos.† Unexpectedly, he released my hands and leaned forward. Slowly, he reached out and held a lock of my hair, twisting it around one finger thoughtfully. I froze, and for a moment, there was nothing going on in the world except him touching my hair. He let my hair go, looking a little surprised – and embarrassed – at what he'd done. â€Å"Don't cut it,† he said gruffly. Somehow, I remembered how to talk again. â€Å"But no one'll see my tattoos if I don't.† He moved toward the doorway, a small smile playing over his lips. â€Å"Wear it up.†

Fraternitys essays

Fraternitys essays Hummer, Robert and Patricia Yancey Martin. Fraternities and Rape on Campus. Gender and Society December 1989: 457-473. The goal of this research was to analyze the group and organization practices that create in fraternities an abusive social context for women (Hummer 1989). Hummer and Martin examined fraternity dynamics associated with a main focus on rape and sexual coercion of women in fraternities. The researchers work centers on a case study of an alleged gang rape at Florida State University. They claim fraternities are not only the physical context, but also the social and cultural context that encourages the sexual coercion of women. The research implicates that fraternities create The gang rape involved four men and one eighteen year old girl. When the victim was discovered her blood alcohol content was .349. She had crude words and symbols on her thighs. The group rape took place on the third floor of a fraternity house. Hummer and Martin collected data by speaking with law enforcement officials. They also analyzed newspaper articles, conducted open-ended interviews with judges, public attorneys and many people regarding the processing of sexual assault cases. The data that was collected showed that fraternity members are mainly concerned with their masculinity. The researchers portray fraternity members as being dominant, competitive, drinking alcohol and treating women as sexual objects. For some reason not all women seem to care, they even help attract new members to these fraternities. When new members see these women they think that if they are part of this fraternity that they will have sex with them. These women, are called the little sisters, they cant be too confident with themselves to get into positions dealing with fraternities. The strategy that researchers have discovered is the individual strategy; that includes ...

Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield

Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield   Overview Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield, known as â€Å"The Black Swan,† was considered the most well-known African-American concert performer of the 19th Century. African-American music historian James M. Trotter lauded Greenfield for her remarkably sweet tones and wide vocal compass. Early Childhood The exact date of Greenfield’s date is unknown yet historians believe it was in 1819. Born Elizabeth Taylor on a plantation in Natchez, Miss., Greenfield moved to Philadelphia in the 1820s with the mistress, Holliday Greenfield. After relocating to Philadelphia and becoming a Quaker, Holliday Greenfield freed her slaves. Greenfield’s parents migrated to Liberia but she stayed behind and lived with her former mistress. The Black Swan Sometime during Greenfield’s childhood, she developed a love of singing. Soon after, she became a vocalist at her local church. Despite a lack of musical training, Greenfield was a self-taught pianist and harpist. With a multi-octave range, Greenfield was able to sing soprano, tenor and bass. By the 1840s, Greenfield began performing at private functions and by 1851, she performed in front of a concert audience. After travelling to Buffalo, New York to see another vocalist perform, Greenfield took the stage. Soon after she received positive reviews in local newspapers who nicknamed her â€Å"African Nightingale† and â€Å"Black Swan.† Albany-based newspaper The Daily Register said, â€Å"the compass of her marvelous voice embraces twenty-seven notes each reaching from the sonorous bass of a baritone to a few notes above even Jenny Lind’s highs.†   Greenfield launched a tour that would make Greenfield the first African-American concert singer to be recognized for her talents. Greenfield was best known for her renditions of music by George Frideric Handel, Vincenzo Bellini and Gaetano Donizetti. In addition, Greenfield sang American standards such as Henry Bishop’s â€Å"Home! Sweet Home!† and Stephen Foster’s â€Å"Old Folks at Home.† Although Greenfield was happy to perform at concert halls such as Metropolitan Hall, it was to all white audiences. As a result, Greenfield felt compelled to perform for African-Americans as well. She often performed benefit concerts for institutions such as the Home of Aged Colored Persons and the Colored Orphan Asylum. Eventually, Greenfield traveled to Europe, touring throughout the United Kingdom. Greenfield’s acclaim was not met without disdain. In 1853, Greenfield was set to perform at Metropolitan Hall when a threat of arson was received. And while touring in England, Greenfield’s manager refused to release funds for her expenses, making it impossible for her stay. Yet Greenfield would not be dissuaded. She appealed to abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe who arranged for patronage in England from the Duchesses of Sutherland, Norfolk and Argyle. Soon after, Greenfield received training from George Smart, a musician with ties to the Royal Family. This relationship worked in Greenfield’s benefit and by 1854, she was performing at Buckingham Palace for Queen Victoria. Following her return to the United States, Greenfield continued to tour and perform throughout the Civil War. During this time, she made several appearances with prominent African-Americans such as Frederick Douglas and Frances Ellen Watkins Harper. Greenfield performed for white audiences and also for fundraisers to benefit African-American organizations. In addition to performing, Greenfield worked as a vocal coach, helping up and coming singers such as Thomas J. Bowers and Carrie Thomas. On March 31, 1876, Greenfield died in Philadelphia. Legacy In 1921, entrepreneur Harry Pace established Black Swan Records. The company, which was the first African-American owned record label, was named in honor of Greenfield, who was the first African-American vocalist to achieve international acclaim.

IFRS Illustrated Financial Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IFRS Illustrated Financial Statement - Essay Example US GAAP, on the other hand, requires that post-tax loss/income as well as pre-tax loss/income be presented on the face of an entity’s income statement. IAS 1, which falls under IFRS, prohibits all extraordinary items while under US GAAP it is permitted. Depreciation under IFRS requires that components of the asset being depreciated that have varying benefits are to be depreciated separately while under US GAAP, component method of accounting is just permitted, but it is not a requirement. IFRSs, in revenue recognition have general principles that guide as to whether or not revenue is recognizable. Under US GAAP, on the guidance of revenue recognition, there is a more particular guidance in the determination of whether there should be recognition of a given revenue type. Also under US GAAP, public companies are supposed to utilize the more detailed guidance that the SEC provides. As per IAS 19, which falls under IFRSs the recognition of actuarial losses/gains, IFRS has an accou nting policy that helps recognize all actuarial losses/gains under the sub-heading of OCI- Other Comprehensive Income, with a provision that these should be recognized fully with regards to the period that they occur. On the other hand, US GAAP requires that the entire actuarial losses/gains are recognized under the profit or loss in totality, but this does not exclude the permission to make a deferral in equity of losses/gains without going beyond the set limits. Those losses/gains are at first shown under OCI originally. (iasplus.com, 2008) Differences between IFRSs and US GAAP in the Statement of Financial Position In the statement of financial position of entities, there also exist differences while using IFRS and US GAAP. One of the differences arises under the classification of payments that are share-based in the financial position statement. IFRS 2 there is a focus upon whether the award in question can be settled in cash. US GAAP, under the same scenario, requires more deta ils which may lead to further share-based arrangements being put under the classification of liabilities. Another example of a variance is that of contingent assets and liabilities. Under IFRS, it falls in IFRS 3. This IFRS requires that all contingent liabilities be recognized at fair value if such fair values are reasonably measurable. Then, the contingent liability is estimated at the original amount or the recognized amount, whichever is higher. US GAAP, on the other hand, states that all contingences that are contractual are recognizable at fair value. In the case of non-contractual contingences, these are recognizable only if such are more likely than not that such meet the definitions of a liability or an asset at the date they were acquired. Subsequent to recognition, companies maintain the original measurement up to the point new information is gotten so as to consider their fair values. IFRS does not recognize contingent assets while US GAAP they are recognized at the lowe r of fair value and the best future estimate. IFRSs include intangible assets while doing a segmental disclosure. US GAAP do not include intangible assets. IFRS 8 also requires disclosure of segmental liabilities while the US GAAP do not call for such recognition. Under IFRS deferred tax liabilities and assets are always classified under non-current equivalent while under US GAAP the classification

Mobile commerce Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mobile commerce - Research Paper Example There is more to be done and areas to be covered so as to realize the potential benefits of global of M-commerce. Its constrains and threats should also be dealt with. The first M-commerce was conducted in 1997 in Helsinki, Finland. Two vending machines for Coca Cola that are mobile enabled were installed. Payments could be made through Short Message Service (SMS). The same year, Merita bank of Finland launched the first banking service that is done through SMS. The sale of digital content started when Radiolinja launched the first commercially downloadable ringtones in 1998. Two great milestones were launched in 1999. These are, Smart money in Philipines and NTT DoCoMos i-Mode in Japan. This is an internet service which offered a revenue-sharing plan between NTT DoCoMos i-Mode and the content owner. M-mobile spread rapidly in 2000. Payments for parking were made through mobile in Norway. This was extended to train ticketing in Australia and purchase of airline tickets in Japan. The potentiality of including medical applications to M-mobile was demonstrated by peter Bentley and UCL Computer Science in 2008 (Venkatesh et al, 2003). The basis for M-commerce is high speed internet connectivity. This is well provided by mobile phones and other mobile devices. Tarasewich (2003) points out that in M-commerce, there are websites called Wandering Atrial Pacemaker (WAP) that are developed specifically for mobile devices and mobile phones. Websites that are enabled by WAP display catalogs of products available for users of mobile phones worldwide. M-commerce has overtaken E-commerce and E-business because mobile devices are easy to use, easily available, user friendly and lightweight. Therefore, M-commerce is simply E-commerce conducted over a mobile phone or other mobile device. M-commerce is more under the control of the customer because customization is possible. Customers can personalize their devices like mobile phones to receive what they want, how and when. It

History of American policing(5 pages), history of Gainesville, Georgia Essay

History of American policing(5 pages), history of Gainesville, Georgia police department - Essay Example The city of Detroit in the same year decided to have the first group of civilian people to be already considered as officers. Then finally in 1804, there was already the existence of mobile patrol to be used by the officers (Morris, 1999, page xxxi-xxxvi). It was in the year 1844 when in New York, the first police department was modeled together with Peel law officials. These American watchmen were expected to roam around the city as silent as they could and they had to stand up straight and listen to intently. They were also required to guard the weather conditions along with the street lamps. Each time they had to do their job, they had to say the statement â€Å"The police department and the police force, has the power and it is their duty at all times of the day and night to protect the life and property, prevent crime, detect and arrest offenders, and preserve the public peace and enforce all laws, ordinances and provisions of the administrative code over which the police department has jurisdiction.† This is the start of their oath of protection for the people of America (Morris, 1999, page xxxi-xxxvi). But aside from the short summary of how policing came to America, as stated above, there are still a lot of happenings that should be considered as one tries to study the existence of police officers, the department and their duty to people. Little details must also be considered as part of its history. One of these important information that needs to be acknowledged is the office of the sheriff being very ancient. The history of the office can be related to the institution of the king’s reeves whose main purpose is to guard over the king’s possessions and even interests in the nineteenth century. At the end of the century, the guard has already owned or acquired for himself power for judgment and finances. For the same reason, his position got elevated to being a shire and no longer just an

Marking Time Essay Example for Free

Marking Time Essay Marking Time is an Australian mini TV series written by John Doyle and was aired on ABC in 2003. Its based on a small town called Brakley. The story is told through the eyes of an 18 year old named Hal. Hal falls in love with an Afghani girl, Randa, who recently fled her own country with her father to escape the Taliban. The two face racism and taunts by their community, whose views are influenced greatly by the media and politicians that are expressed during historical events taking place at the time. Soon after 9/11 occured, their home was set on fire by arsonists. Hals family let them stay in their home and Randa needed comforting, but Hal and Randa were found in bed together the next morning. Their refugee status got later denied and they were orderd to return to Afghanistan. Hal then went over seas to look for her. This mini-series reflects whats happening in the world during the years 2000 and 2001 by representing the small town of Brakley as a microcosm. It shows the attitudes Australians have towards Asylum seekers. Hal is educated about whats really going on by his father and his fathers girlfriend and therefore sees Randa for the person she really is, rather than just a refugee or boatie apparently causing trouble. Everyone else in Brackley dont have the right education and are believing everything the media and politicians are saying about them. The aim of this series is to make us question the information we get fed us, and to hopefully change the assumptions we place on refugees. Marking Time covers the events surrounding the Afghanistan war and Australia’s involvement. This included historical and political events. These events include The 2000 Olympic games and the re-election of the Howard government, The Tampa Crisis, the 9/11 Terrror attack and the Children Overboard affair. These events also include the social aspects in Brakley which led the town to behave in such ways. Australia was the host of the 2000 Olympic games. During this period there was a lot of conflicting opinions regarding the refugee policy as more refugees headed our way. There was also a lot of argument regarding what Australias part in the war in Afghanistan was. These two tied together led to suspicion of other cultures, especially refugees. People had little knowledge with what was going on in the war in Afghanistan and about refugees and what they were going through. The social attitude towards what was happening was very mixed. People didnt have the knowledge for a different view point and they found it hard to understand what was going on, and how they should be responding. Politicians have a large impact on how a society acts towards everything. Its very easy to believe what they say about anything, especially if all the news were saying the same thing. The Prime Minister of the time, John Howard put the ideas that George W Bush was using in America on Australia. These ideas were that refugees coming to the country were terrorists.

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwicks Tendencies: Queerness and Oppression Essay

Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's Tendencies: Queerness and Oppression Over the last two decades or so, the idea of queerness is one that has been utilized and considered by individuals and communities of marginalized sexualities and genders. The concept is one that has attempted to broaden and deconstruct traditional notions of gender and sexuality in order to include all of their incarnations as valid experiences and identities. Queerness endeavors to include all of those who feel they are a part of it yet, seemingly, not everyone can be queer without changing the very nature of queerness. Or can they? Queerness is a concept which resists borders and structure yet it seems as though there must be certain commonalities among all queer identities and behaviors. In her book, Tendencies, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick constructs queerness as a seemingly all-inclusive and individually determined space, writing that: queer can refer to: the open mesh of possibilities, gaps, overlaps, dissonances, resonances, lapses and excesses of meaning when the constituent element's of anyone's gender, of anyone's sexuality aren't made (or can't be made) to signify monolithically. (8) She expands queer beyond the bounds of "same-sex sexual object choice" making queerness about performative behavior rather than sexual mechanics (Sedgwick 8). For example, Sedgwick's idea of queer includes "feminists... masturbators... lesbian-identified men...[and] people able to relish, learn from, or identify with such" among others(8). She posits that the fundamental precondition, "to make the description 'queer' a true one is the impulsion to use it in the first person" (Sedgwick 9). Yet is this self-determined queerness valid? Can actual queerness be claimed s... ...cepting one's status as incongruent allows one to claim a singular identity without inviting oppression because one's incongruence prohibits a singular identity claim to completely describe the self. The manner in which Foucault and Sedgwick construct queerness allows for oppression because they assume that the self is a singular cohesive body. Warner supposes that by realizing the fragmentation the self, one can claim an identity and escape oppression. Works Cited Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality Volume 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage Books, 1980. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. Tendencies. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1993. Warner, Michael. "Tongues United: Memoirs of a Pentecostal Boyhood." The Material Queer: A LesBiGay Cultural Studies Reader. Ed. Donald Morton. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1996.

Creating Effective Learning Environments for Learners Essay

Introduction Environment is all the physical and social conditions that surround and can influence a person’s health. A learner’s physical environment on the other hand include the class surrounding like locker ,chairs and other items that are physical found either inside or outside and around the class. Social environment refers to the immediate social setting in which people live or in which something happens or develops. It includes the culture that the individual was educated or lives in, and the people and institutions with whom they interact. An urban area is a town, a place that has developed in the various sectors including infrastructure and other institutions hence noise and other destructible deeds become order of the day. Due to scarce land for building, schools end up being built next to pubs or even on top of pubs. In defining an effective learning environment it’s important to first consider the uniqueness of learners and how they learn. Physical environments a) Space and materials The teacher should take into consideration who should be arranged in the rows and columns. The class arrangement matters a lot for effective teaching to occur. First, students should be arranged facing the teacher for easy monitoring as the teacher is teaching. Secondly, the teacher should now all the students individually and there by now the different problems the learners have which might help him/her to plan the class. For instance students with eye sight problems should sit where they are comfortable in order to understand the teacher well as suggested by Roger Hiemstra. Siegel has found that there is direct relationship between architecture and collaboration of teachers. The arrangement of space has immediately and far reaching consequences for teachers. The arrangement of space has immediate and far reaching consequences for teachers’ ability to effectively and efficiently accomplish daily activities; the formation of social and professional considerations of the spaces where teachers meet and collaborate is just as important as the design of classroom. Desirable designs include having friendly environment and agreeable areas, supervised private areas for students, as well as public areas that foster a sense of community with particular attention to the color used. A good class room should be inviting, have the necessary learning material readily accessible, eliminate or cover destructing features either inside or outside the class. Class concentrations should be avoided because it encourages laziness among students due to lack of proper supervision by the teacher. Therefore during class arrangements, at least there should be space where the teacher can move around and monitor the learner’s progress. Also work groups can be convenient for those learners that want to indulge in group work and discussions. b) Sitting position and types of furniture Knight and Noyes performed a study on class furniture in relation to children’s behavior and sitting positions between traditional and ergonomically designed furniture. They found that children showed a significant improvement in task behavior and marked change in sitting positions following the new designed furniture that makes students to sit upright. In relation to sitting positions, Linton e tal(1994) didn’t observe any different sitting position in the children in their study using ergonomically designed furniture was more comfortable. Chairs that are not upright encourage loss of class concentration hence leaving room for poor class concentration. c) Use of visual items to enhance better understanding The benefits arising from use of visuals for instance chats illustrations and others has provided multiple opportunities for children to process, reflect on and integrate information presented in a story since the spoken language is fleeting in comparison to a visual representation of the same material according to Gersten and Baker. Obviously biology students can’t be taught the topic on bones without even seeing a sample which there by illustrates visual items enhance understanding hence facilitate effective learning. A visual chat make learning more interesting and makes learners understand better what is being taught. d) Temperature and air quality Earthman rates temperature, heating and air quality as the most individual elements for student achievement in learning. A class that is well lit, warm when environment is cool or cool when it is hot is more suitable to accommodate effective learning. Furthermore if the classroom is up to date and current technology is available, the student will keep pace with their peers who have access to this equipment. Where classes are positioned in a school matters a lot. Class next to staffrooms where teachers crack jokes can distract the students concentration and learning in class. Classes should be situated in areas away from paths that distract pupils. An example is a class next to the main road leading to the main gates will always have cars; people and this will hinder effective learning because students will always be staring at anything passing outside instead of listening to the teacher. Police cars that enter in school will freak out students because they will always be curios on wh at is going to happen. e) Lighting There is a considerable amount of literature relating to light and classroom. In relation to student suitability to learning, day light is seemed to have positive effect to the learners studying environment which is suitable for learning. However day light source can’t be had in class because it’s impractical. Benya suggested that for lighting to be effective, day light must be supplemented automatically by controlled electric lighting that dims in response to day light levels. Barmitt suggests that good lighting can only be achieved by combination of direct and indirect lighting. Indoors lighting can be different depending on color and temperature its bringing and different light intensities. Jago and Tanner argue that the visual environment affects a learner’s ability to perceive visual stimuli and affects his/her mental attitude and thus performance. Knez found evidence of lighting conditions that induced positive affect improved performance. Web, puts forward various incidences of learners being hospitalized because of use of kerosene lamps which emitted smoke that is harmful to human beings’ health. Results of the smoke include irritating eyes, coughing and chest aches due to the harmful smoke. All these can be overcome by installing good electric lighting systems which somehow have lesser side effects hence enhancing favorable learning environments. f) Noise and its resolutions Noise next to noisy areas that can’t be avoided can be reduced through several measures which include: Using sound absorbing materials like carpets, under blocks, foam surfaces on carpentry bench nets in gross motor areas. Using sound barriers like carpets, upholstered furniture, grass in outdoor areas, upholster dividers and acoustic tiles also is an efficient way of controlling noise. A good school should separate noisy areas from the quite ones for instance libraries should not be situated next to the play fields. Also laboratories should be separated from the kitchens to avoid contamination of food. g) Color According to some findings, colors also affect all individuals at two levels: behavioral response and learned response. A behavioral response is a response that’s automatic, inherited and not affected by age, sex, culture, financial considerations or environment. This type of response occurs naturally; the individual is not aware of making a response for instance using bright, intense colors e.g. red to decorate an infant’s room can prevent the infant from sleeping well(Chinazzarl 1998). This is not a surprising issue as the red color is seen to elevate blood pressure according to liber man (1991) h) Teacher According to Talis, teacher’s beliefs, practices and attitudes are important for understanding and improving educational processes. They are closely linked to teachers’ strategies for coping with challenges in their general wellbeing and they shape students learning environment and influence students motivation and achievement. Talis illustrates that many studies have described aspects of teaching practice which are related to effective classroom learning and student outcomes. Close monitoring, adequate pacing and classroom management as well as clarity of presentation, well-structured lessons, in formative and encouraging feedback has generally shown positive impact in student learning achievement while teachers provide learning opportunities, these must be recognized and utilized by the student to be effective. Motivation goals and outcomes have to be taken into account as well. Also researchers agree that the teacher is responsible for creating opportunities for interaction and communication among classmates and between students and the instructor. Vitale (2010) suggests that well planned and defined discussion questions help the students to understand the course content, especially the application of new knowledge to clinical practice situation. Communication Galton et al, (1999) assumes that it is important for teachers to be able to communicate effectively with pupils, although it is sometimes less certain how this should be defined. Moos’s (1979) evaluation of classroom environment addresses this since subscales relating to teacher behavior and classroom management such as ‘teacher support’ and ‘rule clarity’, clearly involve communication. A study of disruptive behavior in a particular school (Badger, 1992) found that both pupils and teachers often explained problem behavior in terms of failures of communication, with teachers advocating more discussion and improved relationships as ways to improve the situation. Another aspect of communication is that which goes on with parties outside the school. Effective communication has been highlighted as key to the improvement of schools in developing countries by Dalin et al (1994), though in this case it is communication with government and other authorities which is being suggested. More generally, communication with those beyond the school building is an issue referred to in the education literature, but again without necessarily examining the setting that may facilitate it. For instance, in his study of disruptive behavior, Badger (1992) found that teachers often mentioned that there was a need to improve relationships with parents, while Idea (1970) argue for the importance of involving parents and the wider community in school design. Such intentions clearly involve more communication and are involved in the general issue of the school’s place in the wider community, which has already been considered. Commonly abused Drugs and learning The pub can be a source of some of the drugs like alcohol. Alcohol has many effects on students who drink too much which may include staying out late and wakening up exhausted with a hangover. As a result, they may have a number of absences and their school work may suffer. Younger children may find it difficult to get ready for school without clean clothes or a ride, as the parent is hung over or drunk. As a result, truancy, delinquency, poor school performance may be present. Underachievement, emotional distance from peers and withdrawal may be noticed. Drinking alcohol can lead to reduced coordination, slurred speech, blurred vision, slower reaction times and an impaired memory. People under the influence of alcohol have less impulse control and impaired judgment. Some of these effects are temporary while others are more long-lasting. Alcohol consumption can also lead to blackouts and lapses in memory. Long-term alcohol abuse can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, which is a brain disorder that causes mental confusion. All this affects learners’ studies hence affecting the learning environment negatively. The American medical association recently announced that underage drinkers were found to have hippocampuses that were 10 percent smaller than non-drinkers. This matters when it comes to learning because the hippocampus is the part of the brain that is responsible for memory and learning. Because of the changes that the teen brain is going through, alcohol use can â€Å"seriously damage long- and short-term growth processes . The brain isn’t the only factor in a person’s ability to learn. The external environment also plays a crucial role in determining how much a person can and will learn. Alcohol use, especially among teenagers, can lead to social problems that can have long-term effects on learning. Underage drinking has been linked to poor academic performance and harmful behaviors such as illegal drug use and promiscuous sexual behavior. These social problems can reduce the opportunities students have to learn as they may be denied access to certain educational offerings or compromise their ability to get into schools or training programs. Alcohol use has been linked to higher truancy rates, which translate into fewer learning opportunities ————————————————- Ways of reducing drug consumption in schools: a. ————————————————- Putting talk sessions to heighten the dangers of drugs to health and school studies ————————————————- According to Bruce and David (2011), guidance and counseling should act as pre rehabilitation centers for the students because when they get to know the effects of a certain drugs to their health, definitely some group of students will change their minds and attitudes towards doing drugs like alcohol. This small achievement will later become huge because students do mostly what others do and a small change will bring an anti-drug environment which is a start to a good learning environment. Peers have a lot to accomplish in terms of behavior. The peers should be modeled to reinforce good behavior between them hence achieving positive results towards learning. Also according to Taylor (2001) students at youth level tend to give in what other youths say compared to advice given from people much older than them. Therefore an organization like the guidance and cancelling department should organize for people who are at least in a youthful age to give talks on effects of drugs. Chronicle addicts who have changed behavior due to the terrible effects of drugs can really touch some of the students and hence initiate change in behavior among the students thus fostering good learning environments in the schools b. ————————————————- Random register checks and school monitoring ————————————————- Tricks like skipping classes and ditching preps for luxury in the pub can mostly be curbed down through this strategy. Random student registers also keep students on their toes and hence this reduces class absenteeism because of alcohol and other drugs. Students who are always absent and caught doing drugs should severely be punished for them to serve good examples to the school. Therefore addicts will always be afraid of being caught on the wrong hence reducing the number of drug addicts. ————————————————- Expelling can be used to show examples of what happens to naughty behaviors. Expelled students bring their parents and hence their issues discussed by four parties which include the teacher, parent, student and school committee. From an effective meeting resolutions can be made and learners can change behavior. c. Approach of doing things that interest and occupy the students mind Charllottas, Web (2007) suggests that youth students are very sensitive people and in order to make them interact well with their environment; they should be made part of the environment. Sessions where learners are supposed to meet teachers and air out issues affecting them is crucial in helping them with the effective environment issue. To facilitate learning, an entertainment hall can be built to cater for the student’s refreshment needs hence vanishing ideas of dodging school and preps for the refreshments at the pub. Also during shows like talent shows; one can make students gain interest in wha t they are best at and this will motivate students who might not be that perfect in class and have eventually lost hope in studies. d. Putting age restrictions in refreshment areas and pubs: Jordan (2009) gave out the approach that in order to stop students from drinking, the pub should enforce certain laws and restrictions. Through collaboration between the teachers and the pub supervisors, the pub attends should inform teachers of any suspicions that students might have been seen in the pub. Also the pub should enforce laws like no underage people are allowed in the pub. At the entrance, every person should produce identity cards to extinguish adults from the school kids. Effective learning experience Building quality teaching, learning and assement environment. Building quality teaching and learning environment According to Oliver and Omar 1999, there is growing movement toward designing learning environments that recognize the communicative power of the internet to support an active and constructive role for learners. Factors influencing learning experience include the quality of learner support systems, the assumption made by learners and educators about the experience itself, the educational design and support networks for learners and educators. Considering complexity of these factors can have on learning experience, possible resolutions to these issues tend to assist and learning also, where assements task drive the learner and the technology support the learning process. Effective learning is used in the sense of bringing about change to professional practice. Investigation with teachers say that they experience were of the less effective forms of professional development. They include: * passive didactic expenditure experiences where is an overreliance on external expertise * external training events * one off training events These experiences may result in a quick fix but they do not often result in lasting change and may in fact be counter product (Carnell 1999). The less effective forms of professional development are of low complexity context free. They are single track, usually focusing on content or skills and don’t require judgment. The more effective forms are of high complexity. These take into account teachers experiences and emotions and are dependent on the particular learning and social context. They are multi track, meaning they focus on and connect different aspect of the context, development understanding, facilitate tearing and change. They require refection analysis, judgment, and dialog. Teachers need a strong knowledge base in child development which enables then to make decision regarding what activities, materials and experiences will be appropriated for children of various ages. Learners are mostly interested in the moving classical technological advancements. Books are cruci al but also computers are making big strides in enhancing the students’ learning. Bransford, Brown, and Cocking illustrate four essential elements of effective learning environments: they are learner- centered, knowledge centered, assessment centered and community centered. In a learner-centered learning environment, teachers take the knowledge and prior experiences of individual learners into account in their teaching and try to accommodate learners’ strengths and interests. This approach is based on cognitive research findings that prior knowledge is the basis for constructing all new understanding. An example of a learner-centered approach might be a social studies teacher’s asking students about their daily routine as they study the human impact on the environment and how individual actions do make a difference on a global scale. In a knowledge-centered learning environment, teachers direct learning activities toward developing students’ deep understanding. Research has demonstrated that deep understanding is necessary for learners to appl y knowledge in a given situation and to transfer it to new ones. This requires teachers to make a careful analysis of what they want learners to know and be able to do when they finish a learning activity or course and to provide students with the foundational knowledge, skills, and attitudes needed for the successful application and transfer of that learning. For example, a social studies teacher might focus a unit about the civil war on its causes and political context and to support this higher-level conceptual understanding might ask can then guide students’ continued thinking and revision strategies. The importance of this aspect of an effective learning environment is supported by research findings that students who are active in and take charge of their learning can better regulate and improve their approaches and efforts. It is also consistent with research showing that students build new knowledge on existing knowledge and that the more visible their thinking is to them, the more effectively they can modify and refine it. For example, a social studies teacher might allow students multiple opportunities to demonstrate their developing understanding throughout a government unit by asking them to create and update a concept map of similarities and differences between local and state governance. In a community-centered learning environment, students need not only to feel safe to ask questions and to reveal their ideas and difficulties they have in understanding the subject matter, but also to develop norms of behavior that contribute to successful learning in that learning environment. Research shows that social interactions and norms within a community of learners will affect how learners approach their work and that connecting the curriculum to communities beyond the classroom will influence the degree of understanding that students develop. For example, a social studies teacher might put students in contact with other students from another culture or geographic setting to better understand the influence of culture on the topic they are studying. Therefore it’s of worth to recognize these four elements believed to support learning hence allowing teachers to improve upon their learning environments for more effective teaching and learning. SCHOOL CRISES a. Causes of school crises They include: * Physical causes caused by school facilities for instance broken water pipes, cracked walls in campus, bad prepared food and many others. * Physiological and mental causes. A good example is break out of diseases like congenital diseases, emotional distance * Contextual causes involve crisis caused by social factors like if there was an aging population in a school district, there would be a decrease in the number of school aged pupils and hence the age enrollment rate. It might eventually lead to class reduction or even closure. If there are drug addicts near a school, teachers and students might be disturbed or even injured. * Ethical and moral causes: losses resulted from behavior constitutes a violation of professional integrity among members of school. * Disorder causes: if school members had low awareness of school discipline and rules, low morale or the tendency to careless, procrastination and chaotic behavior may easily trigger off various kinds of accidental incident. b. Effects of school crisis * Physiological damage, health hazard, disability and evidently this will disrupt the learning environment because an upright person who becomes disabled will not be having what he/she had before the accidents * Property loss will disrupt the learning environment because subjects like chemistry will require lab practicles and without labs it will be hard to experiment. * Taking responsibility which includes direct or indirect legal, economical and moral responsibility for example a school might have to take responsibilities if a pupil was injured during school activity. * Education damage involving relation between the school members deteriorates after the experience of the crisis. c. Managing school crises in order to foster learning Crisis management includes the measures and policies taken to deal with incidences that enviably disrupt learning. Siegel (1991) suggests that before working on a crises management one should figure out nature, meaning and related variables of the school crises. Schools should eliminate all possible causes of risk, and convert them into predictable and controllable variables. They should device long term preparation plans for preventing damages in future crises, and develop members’ ability to handle emergency situation effectively. As that world `becomes more complicated and fast changing than ever before there is much increasing impact on current school operation, resulting in various kinds of school crises. School crises definitely do not support effective learning hence should be abolished as much as possible. Some of them are and foreseeable of which the management could devise necessary strategic or operational plans deal with , or arrange to means of insurance to compensate for loss; while others are usually dormant but may suddenly disrupt school operation or even cause injury and death or destruction of school property (Raffan, 1984) Through good school management most of these crisis can systematically predicted and managed, loss minimized and operation and development of schools can also be maintained hence fostering good learning environment. The management tactics vary from among school crisis. Technology enhancing an effective learning environment Educational technology has been cited to make major milestone in improving the learners’ learning environments. Educational technology includes hardware such as personal computers, smaller peripherals such as Global Positioning Systems (GPSs) and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) that interface with computers and other equipment that can interface with such digital tools such as video cameras and VCRs. Also included in this definition is the software that runs on these devices and networks that allow them to send and share information among them. Bransford, Brown, and Cocking analyzed in their research that educational technology can make important contributions to effective learning environments hence they concluded that technology can enliven teaching and learning by facilitating the incorporation of real-world problems into the curriculum. Educational technology can help make a learning environment more learner-centered by providing a greater variety of resources that allo ws students to follow their own interests and build upon their strengths. It can also help teachers motivate students to work toward deep understanding or transfer by illustrating how what is under study in the classroom relates to the world beyond it such as by accessing real-time data on current events. Technology can help teachers meet students’ differentiated needs, by serving as a tool for enrichment or review or for presenting information in additional formats. According to Driscoll (2002) and Rieber (1996) the research literature describes how educational technology can serve as a tool that supports learning by allowing the learner to engage in more complex than otherwise possible. For example, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can layer data about population density on top of information about political party affiliation and socio-economic status. Seeing such data simultaneously in tools such as GIS, or simulations, or computer-based micro worlds, can contribute to making a learning environment more knowledge-centered by helping students better see complex relationships and address more analytical questions than otherwise possible. The research summarized by Bransford, Brown, and Cocking has also shown that technology can make it easier for teachers to provide students with feedback about their work. For instance, it can aid in capturing performances for review and display, and it can provide multiple practice opportunities and track or calculate changes in performance along the way. It can also make it easier to communicate within and outside the classroom, providing additional opportunities for feedback in relation to Driscoll (2002)’s opinion. Thus, technology can aid teachers in making an educational environment more assessment-centered. Networked educational technology can also support communication among learners, as well as between their parents and their teachers. By allowing asynchronous and synchronous communication, whether by bulletin board, email, web pages, or chat rooms, technology can enable an exchange of ideas and questions and develop a sub-culture focused on learning and on intellectual habits productive for learning. In these ways, educational technology can aid the development of a community-centered learning environment. Conclusion: A good learning environment is crucial to promoting effective learning. In order to improve the learning environment the teachers, parents, learners and the community at large should join hands to make sure a good environment is achieved through peaceful co-existence of these four parties. REFFERENCES: Ceng, Y, C (2005) New paradigm for Re-engineering Education. 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