Christy :: essays research papers

                                   r                                        Christy came upon strange and unusual conflicts in her situations that were fresh and new to her. These conflicts were so traumatic that she felt if better to set aside than to stay in the unfamiliarity of the Appalachian culture. Ive also nonplusd feelings of quitting a situation. Like Christy, I was called to sing a solo in my church choir. If I had run from my situation, I wouldnt have had the experience of singing in front of a group. I also had to ask myself the question, "What am I doing this for?" Finally, I evaluate out that singing in front of church wasnt as bad as I thought.   &nbs p Singing has and will always be a blessedness of mine. I was a novice when I had to accomplish the task of singing in front of my church. I wanted to be as experienced as my aunts and my Mother, whom can sing in front of anybody. My Mother, like Miss Alice, made me realize that God would be by my side, and that the duty would get more easeful all over time. Knowledge from that situation grants me experience for present and future predicaments.      Christy, after seeing the poverty and hardships of the Appalachian culture tenfold, asked, "Why am I do this?" I also had the same doubtful questions. These questions were all of out of fear about the strangeness of the situation. Like Christy, I had to answer these questions within myself and when I did it opened my views on singing farther than before.      After a while, Christy seemed to form a love or passion for what she was doing. She became comfortable and less frightened of t he Appalachian culture. My first experience singing in front of my church was terrifying, but every time I sung thereafter I became more and more confident and easeful.

I Took the Road More Traveled :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

I Took the Road More Traveled The great oak table stood in the middle of the room, warped by heat from an old wood stove in the corner. Its dark brown finish had boiled up in the center into little pockets of wax and cure, and that was its deluxe history--a hundred years or more of Christmas dinners and knives hammered thoughtlessly into the wood. The leaves and edges drooped down, worn under the weight of rough, uncultured elbows and wood bundles for the stove. Underneath, the modest planks gave way to the graceful loathsome of the leg, terminating in the vicious paw of a huge dog, polished claws gleaming on the drab floor. At night the legs tapped their way upstairs, past the rooms of quiescency adults, stopping at the unfamiliar bed in which I slept. The moonlight illuminated e real glistening nail slathered in dew and blood with fierce intensity. That slimy table, with hairy paws like a dog, a lion, a monster, came to devil with the shifting patterns of blue, playing on my c overlet and left again before the silvery, delicate cicadas pealed their morning mass. And I was afraid. At the table, my chin barely reached my cereal bowl and my legs dangled wildly above the floor. I eyed the strange woman who stood at the kitchen counter and gazed out at the morning. Miz Edna, I said, Whered ya get this table? Well now child, I dont rightly recall. It came from my grandmother, I reckon. I couldnt imagine Ednas grandmother. My grandmother was already very old and very wrinkled. She stooped when she walked, and shuffled along the floor with a cane. Edna looked like that, and she said her heart hurt when she looked at pictures of her children. That was an affliction which plagued old people sometimes I had comprehend they died of it in a shocking and abrupt manner. Ednas grandmother must have been very old, even older than mine. How old is your grandma, Miz Edna? Shes dead now, child. She died afore I was born. You hurry up with your cereal and run outside and play. Yes maam. One thing I cant figure though, I said. Whats that? How did you get this table if your grandmother was dead afore you were born? I tol you, child, hurry up. Your ma and Ire going down to the store, and Ive got to get these here dishes scrubbed.

Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique and Sue Kaufmans Diary of a Mad

Betty Friedans The Feminine Mystique and Sue Kaufmans Diary of a Mad lady of the houseBettina Balser, the narrator of Sue Kaufmans Diary of a Mad Housewife, is an attractive, intelligent woman living in an affluent community of New York City with her made husband and her two charming children. She is also on the verge of insanity. Her various mental disorders, her wavering physical health, and her sexual promiscuity permeate her diary entries, and argon interwoven among descriptions of the seemingly normal and easy routine of a housewife. Betty Friedan, in writing the Feminine Mystique, describes the plight of millions of American women directly parallel to that of Bettinas. Through her unadulterated research and interviews, Friedan documents extensive evidence of the adverse effects of Occupation Housewife. The women she speaks with are all like Bettina they lead desirable, healthy lives on the surface, and yet they are lento deteriorating inside. Friedan discusses th e effects of the unnatural and illogical mirage of femininity forced upon women, and analyzes why being just a housewife is not enough. Bettinas situation will be analyzed through Friedans theories on the feminine mystique. Despite her misery, Bettina Balser is quite aware of how blessed she is to have the life of which millions of women can only dream. She begins her diary with a long catalogue of all of the things she should, in all reason, be grateful forShall I say the obvious, the thing Ive told myself every day for weeks- that I agnize Im a Very Lucky Girl, and really must be crazy to get into the state Im in these days, when I have everything A Girl Could Want? I have two bright, healthy, attractive children I have... ...e the nervous tics, the various phobias, the alcoholism, and the insomnia, Bettina survives through to the end of Diary of a Mad Housewife. Bettina made it through ten years of marriage in the inhumanly confining role as a housewife because she wa s able to hold on to ideas that made her Bettina Balser instead of just a housewife. Bettina is an outstanding woman when compared to the millions of women described by Friedan whose creativity and individuality was wasted on living solely as a wife and mother. However, Bettina also embodies the disastrous effects that the feminine mystique debilitated American women with during the 1950s, as profoundly described by Betty Friedan in the Feminine Mystique. whole works CitedFriedan, Betty. The Feminine Mystique. New York Norton, 1963.Kaufman, Sue. Diary of a Mad Housewife. New York Random House, 1967.

Isaiah Essay -- essays research papers

Spring 2005 Professor Book review Mission in the Old testamentCRITICAL BOOK REVIEWBibliographical Data Kaiser, Walter C. Jr. Mission in the Old Testament Israel as a Light to the Nations. Baker Books larger-than-life Rapids, MI. January 2004.Information about the Author Walter C. Kaiser, Jr. is president and Colman M. Mockler Distinguished Professor of Old Testament at Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. He has a Doctorate. He is likewise the author or coauthor of several binds. He is a strong advocate for Christians making gods missionary social function a primeval theme in their lives. Missions cannot be an afterthought for the Old Testament it is the heart and core of the jut of God (38). Walter desires for the church, to not only participate in lenity to the greatest of ability, but also to receive the supreme blessings the Lord has to furnish us. Purpose of the Author Gods eternal plan was to provide salvation for all peoples it was never intended to be reserved fo r one special group, such as the Jews, even as an initial offer It is the history of this offer and the way it was carried out in Old Testament times that give form the heart of our study here (10). Through this book Kaiser wants his reader to gain the correlation or the connecting point between the Old Testament and in the raw Testament pertaining to missions. Kaiser wants the reader to understand that Genesis is the beginning for the call of missions, not the New Testament. He yearns for the reader to reflect on what he has to say and not only share his burden, but act on it. Kaisers main purpose and focus is to fully define, expound, and elucidate the Old Testament mission in a way that his readers could have a better understanding. Mission points to a rally action the act of being sent with a commission to carry out the will of a superior. It is God who commissions and God who sends (11). Israel was to be Gods missionaries to the world-and thereby so are all who believe in t his same gospel (20). Kaiser puts things into simple terms and charges us or challenges all of us Who will go?Plan of the book Walter Kaisers main theme or plan, if you will, of the book is to refute the notion that the theme of missions inaugurated with the Great commission, but instead missions is a main theme throughout the Bibles entirety. Thus this theme of a mission to the whole world for... ...After reading this book I at once have a greater companionship and understanding for missions. As I said earlier it is Gods will that we are all called to be nigh form of missionary. When people think missionary they automatically think foreign land, but thats not what the word missionary means. Going to a foreign land is just one form of being a missionary. We are all called or charged by God to be some form of a missionary. Recommendation I personally have benefited greatly from reading Mission in the Old Testament. At first when assigned this book I assumed it was a book only fo r those who are preparing to go into the mission field to be used as a guide and a tool, but as I later discovered that my assumption was wrong. Instead this book was written for anyone who desires to know Gods plan, Gods purpose, Gods will, and Gods call for their personal life. I also recommend it to be used in small study groups such as youth groups or a prayer meeting. I think every new and old Christian, if you will, should read this book. I myself have a greater knowledge and understanding of the Old Testament mission and like I said have a greater burden for Gods missionary plan and purpose.

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion     Abortion. It is a topic that has invaded the sanctity of our dinner table conversations, English paper topics and even our court rooms. We atomic number 18 bombarded with pro-lifers calling abortion doctors despoil killers. They yell about how abortion is unmoral, and how g_d wants us to chose life over death, but they seem to have no problem killing abortion doctors or beating up patients. The pro-lifers seem to think that the abortion laws were just thrown together by uncaring baby killers instead of Supreme court Justices. The concomitant is abortion use to be illegal. It wasnt until the case of Roe Vs. walk that the Supreme court decided that a woman had the right to an abortion as long as certain guide lines established and then followed. The guidelines that were established following the Roe vs. Wade decisions are or still in effect today.The current Legislature says that the state may not regulate abortion at all during the first trimester ( http//members.aol.com/abtrbng/conlaw.htm) That gist that if a woman decides during the first three months of her pregnancy to abort the child she has the legal right to do so. The states interest during the first trimester is to the mother well cosmos not the well being of the fetus What is so special about the first 3 months? Well during the first three months the child in otiose to survive outside of the mothers womb, therefore dependent on the mother. What about the second trimester?During the second trimester the state can regulate abortion but only for the resistance of the womans health( http//members.aol.com/abtrbng/conlaw.htm) The states first responsibility is to the mother and then to the unborn child. Those who oppose the use of abortion feel that the state has a moral obligation to the defense of the unborn child. They feel that allowing abortion in any trimester is sending out the message that children are not valued as highly as adults. The fact is the federal g overnment does have a bias against the unborn child. It is because of this bias that abortion is legalized. The 14th amendment of Constitution states that no State shall make or utilize any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,...( National Archives) After the Roe Vs. Wade case the Supreme court decided that the word "person" in the 14th amendment, does not apply to the unborn (http//members.

Abortion :: essays research papers

Abortion     Abortion. It is a topic that has invaded the sanctity of our dinner table conversations, English paper topics and even our royal court rooms. We are bombarded with pro-lifers calling abortion doctors baby killers. They yell about how abortion is unmoral, and how g_d wants us to chose life over death, but they seem to affirm no problem killing abortion doctors or beating up patients. The pro-lifers seem to think that the abortion laws were just thrown together by separated baby killers instead of Supreme court Justices. The fact is abortion use to be illegal. It wasnt until the case of roe Vs. wade that the Supreme court distinguishable that a woman had the right to an abortion as long as certain guide lines established and then followed. The guidelines that were established following the Roe vs. Wade decisions are or still in effect today.The current Legislature says that the state may not regulate abortion at all during the commencement trimest er( http//members.aol.com/abtrbng/conlaw.htm) That means that if a woman decides during the first three months of her pregnancy to abort the child she has the legal right to do so. The states interest during the first trimester is to the mother fountainhead being not the well being of the fetus What is so special about the first 3 months? Well during the first three months the child in unable to survive outside of the mothers womb, therefore dependent on the mother. What about the second trimester?During the second trimester the state can regulate abortion but whole for the protection of the womans health( http//members.aol.com/abtrbng/conlaw.htm) The states first responsibility is to the mother and then to the unborn child. Those who oppose the use of abortion feel that the state has a moral engagement to the protection of the unborn child. They feel that allowing abortion in any trimester is sending out the message that children are not valued as highly as adults. The fact is th e federal government does have a bias against the unborn child. It is because of this bias that abortion is legalized. The 14th amendment of Constitution states that no State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property,...( National Archives) After the Roe Vs. Wade case the Supreme court decided that the word "person" in the 14th amendment, does not apply to the unborn (http//members.

‘Mugged’ by Andrew Payne: Analysis Essay

The script Mugged, by Andrew Payne, follows a group of teenagers and how they each react other than to the medias made-up viewpoints after one of their friends in murdered. The script effectively homosexualipulates the dramatic elements of tension, language, sic and symbolism to invoke change upon its audition, make them reassess their views/opinions on how boyish youth are portrayed by the media.Tension of relationships was created doneout the schoolbook of Mugged. The script demonstrated an advanced use of tension of relationships (intimacy) in the first both scenes amidst Marky and Dig. The script establishes the intimate relationship between the two boys as they share their stolen goods, their bond grows as they share food and swap their goods. Their relationship develops take down further when Dig tells Marky he has a crush on Soph and Marky then gives him relationship advice. This reveals the bond between the two and establishes the intimacy of their friendship. Tensi on of relationships (intimacy) was successfully created through the friendship of Marky and Dig as they share the secret of what they have stolen, and discuss Digs feelings for Soph. Relationships in the script where apply to create language.In the text of Mugged language was used to help create a didactic dramatic meaning. In the script verbal language is effectively used when Taylor refers to a man as some old geezer and when Leon calls Sophie a skank this reveals Leons and Taylors lack of delight in for other people. Body language is also effectively used in the script after Marky is murdered and Dig is found Sitting on the right-hand bench. Hunched over looking at the ground in front of him. This shows that Dig was in great mourning and shutting everyone out. The language used in the text was successful because it demonstrated Leon and Taylors lack of respect towards others and how Dig became depressed after the death of his friend. Language and place buttocks often be associ ated together.Place was established in the script of Mugged when certain characters expound the environment surrounding them. This was evident when theteenagers where describing what was happening when Marky was approaching the muggers, by having the teens describe what they saw, example Hes going up to the playground Theyre rest by the fence Get away form the benches, this successfully establishes a place because the description created by the characters creates a picture of where the scene is taking place. The place can have an effect on the symbolism created in the text.The symbolism used in the script of Mugged helped create a deeper meaning to the script. The park benches demonstrates a successful use of symbolism inside the script. The benches represented a superstar of diversity. When Marky and Dig where siting on the bench, once Leon and Taylor arrived they had to move to the other bench because of the diverseness between the groups, after Marky is murdered all the teenag ers are seated on the same bench, while the media sits on the other, this showed how Markys death brought the group of youths together and that the media and teenagers had a sense of diversity between them. The benches are an example of successful symbolism in the script because they represent a deeper meaning beyond their physical appearance. Symbolism can play a main role in invoking change upon the audience.Invoking change forces the audience to rethink their viewpoints on a certain subject, in Mugged the script makes the audience reassess their views on how adolescent youths are portrayed in the media. The script achieves this by showing how the media portrays an innocent teen, into a violent gang member within a day of his death, this makes the audience rethink what to believe the media tells them.Through its effective and successful use of the dramatic elements of tension, language, place and symbolism, Mugged, by Andrew Payne, successfully invokes change upon its audience, ma king them reassess their views/opinions on how adolescent youth are portrayed by the media.

Of Mice And Men Pee On Crooks Essay

P Crooks is the one on the ranch who is by himself and is unable to blend in in with the others at all beca function of his colour.E This is proven through the phrase , Crooks, on a black mans loneliness S station you didnt have nobody. S grow you couldnt go into the bunk ho do and play rummy cause you was black. Howd you like that? Spose you had to sit out here an read books.A Through the repetition of the conjunction spose, a lexical field of isolation is created which further emphasises the crook hardship he acquaints being the only black man, which simultaneously provokes the reader to feel empathetic towards him. Another reason that the reader will feel empathetic towards Crooks at this point is because of the occurrence that he his openly confiding in Lennie which gives the impression that he isnt able to do this on a popular basis.P Crooks is aware that not only is his weakness his crooked spine but as well his colour.E This is just a nigger talkin, an a busted-back nigg er. So it dont mean nothing, see?A The use of alliteration with busted-back suggests how Crooks is emphasizing the fact that he is not only black but is also significantly weak compared to the others because of his back. Through this the double marginalism Crooks faces is emphasisedwhich creates sympathy towards him. This further gives the impression that he is almost purposely trying to devalue himself which implies how he is penetrable and is almost trying to use this as a privilege as the weak are not listened to and taken account of.P Even though Crooks is the only Negro at the ranch, Steinbeck displays him as an extremely independent worker.E This is evident from, This room was swept and fairly neat, for Crooks was a proud aloof man. He kept his distance and demanded that others kept theirs.A From the description of his room which Crooks insists on keeping neat implies that fact that even though he has been degraded to the levels of animals because of his colour, he has come t o the realisation that he does not need to live like one. This displays that dignity is an important matter to him. Also the use of the verb demanded suggests that Crooks is determined to have a say in which he talks to if thats the only thing he can do. This emphasises the fact that he purposely isolates himself, as he is a victim of prejudice.P Steinbeck deeply describes Crooks facial features, which provide us an insight to Crooks emotions and experiences.E For example, his eyes.. because of their depth seemed to glitter with intensity he had pain-tightened lips implies this.A The use of the metaphor, glitter with intensity implies that Crooks has many hidden emotions yet he is unable to share them with anyone, as he is not close to anyone due to his colour. Also the use of the pre-modifier, pain tightened lips suggests that Crooks has almost represses his emotions and painful experiences away inside him, as he is unable to find someone to confide in.P Many other large number us e his colour as an excuse to overpower him.E For example Curleys wife says, I can have you canned for this,A The fact that Crooks immediately pipes d let tells us that even Curleys wife can use her status as a white woman to get her own way despite it her in the wrong of being in Crooks room. This displays the predatory nature of human existence displayed through all the character on the ranch.P Crooks lack of confidence in the ranch living is clearly evident through hisdescription and personality.E The door opened quietly a arguing negro head, lined with pain, the eye patient (Pg. 77)A As he opened quietly, can be symbolic of his natural quiet life, which shows that he is in an isolated world with no dreams. The explicit commentary of crooks head being black as shown by the word negro, expresses that being a black person means that you are powerless and segregated in the ranch life. Eye patient, confirms to the audience that Crooks is awaiting for recognition, and as he is lean, could perchance mean that he is looking up at the ranch workers as he has no authority over them.P Crooks craves for some human come home vastly through uttering his feelings.E a make fun goes nuts if he aint got nobodybooks aint no goodguy gets too lonely an upchuckA Use of hyperbole, nuts stresses Crooks abhorrence of his seclusion and that being socially excluded has made him change negatively, by being sick. The adverbial quantifier intensifier points out that his need for social interaction is literally killing him. Through the use of the words, nutslonelysick, creates a semantic field of dehumanisation, as Crooks has no typical lifestyle or feelings in association to the other workers in the ranch. A lexical field of association is made due to the repetition of books, showing that books is his only source of entertainment to fulfil his need to mingle with others in society.P Crooks despondent state makes him sway to take advantage of the weakest in the ranch, Lennie.E S pose George dont come back no moreA Crooks, plays with Lennies mind, to devil him, which was deliberately done to make Crook feel better as he doesnt feel remorseful for himself nomore (schadenfreude).He treats Lennie in this manner, by eradicating the thought of George returning which is significant to Lennie, as they are fraternal bonds.P Crooks poor physical and emotional injuries are displayed when he is described.E Pain-tightened lipsface lined with painA Here a semantic field of agony is evident through the words pain tightenedpain, which suggests that Crooks ranch life underprivileged and too challenging for someone of his figure. The use of pre-modifier pain-tightened, illustrates the depth of ache within crook, which makes him unable to speak up for himself, due to having no greater dominance in contrast to other ranch workers including Curleys wife.

Buddhism in the Himalayas

Organized religions suck in become a part of ones historical and cultural background. The need for political leaders and gurus to gather the people into one unit, for the maintenance of stability, has paved the elan for the pursuit of knowledge leading to the festering of numerous philosophical undertakings and spiritual enlightenment. The proliferation of spiritual missionaries to the designated countries of contact have created and divided communities cultivating a new set of belief systems and codes to abide by.At the onset of the spread of study religions like Christianity, Hinduism, Judaism, Islam and Buddhism, spiritual fermentation took regularise as socio-political activities merged with the religious practices of the various cultures present in a community. Throughout history, these major religions will manage to outlive each other as they compete to gain a stronghold of followers for the preservation of their cultural beliefs. For this power, many minority groups i n a community are most likely to have been isolated or persecuted by the ruling culture.This was the case with Christianity under the Roman Empire, which accounted for the martyrdom of thousands of Christians who fought for their faith (Tignor et al. , 2008). However, during the recipe of Constantine in 312 CE, the tables were turned and Christianity was now the flagship of the new Rome. This pivotal event is the key to the expansion of religions to far-reaching territories, as it conveys universal codes that pertain to the human condition.It is in this sense that the pursuit for religious ties was crucial to the progress of a community since morality played a big part in the formation of the peoples morale. theology is said to be the cement that binds people together in any adversity and it is through this viewpoint that cultures grew and developed, as citizens become more aware of their place in the society. The grounds to which religion has shaped a community can be observed i n a number of perspectives, finically in the way artworks are made in a particular area (Tignor et al. , 2008).Wherever Buddhism spread, it date stampmed to rely on a necessary set of ingredients that encouraged it to prosper. The Silk Road was said to have advanced the spread of Buddhism in Tibet as the reach of most Indian missionaries in the mountainous regions of the Himalayas have contributed greatly to the foundation of Buddhism as one of the major religions in the world. It became a vehicle for Tibet to engage in trade with other attached countries like Nepal, China, Kashmir, Mongolia and Bhutan. Trade did not only consist of goods, but in addition of people, knowledge and religion.As a result, Buddhism was integrated into the livelihood of the Himalayan regions (Kapstein, 2000). The Role of Local Kings in Promoting Buddhism The success of the acculturation of Buddhism in Tibet would not be possible without the welcome arms of most of the rulers in Tibet, starting with Pr incess Wencheng and Princess Jincheng. Then King Songsten Gampo established cordial congenators with China and Nepal by marrying the Princesses of each country, securing the maintenance of harmony with these neighboring states.Both Princesses introduced the precepts of Buddhism to the King and its followers, which initially helped the expansion of Buddhism in the local communities. It was only under the reign of King Trhi Songdetsen that officially gave the go signal for Buddhism to take root in Tibet as it was legitimized it as the major practicing faith (Kapstein, 2000). The Padhmasambava statue found in the RMA represented the figure that further brought Buddhism to the Himalayas.Padhmasambava was said to be a guru who was summoned by King Detsan to Tibet in order to broaden the reach of Buddhism in the local communities. During this time, the ministers who adhered to the Bon religious sect disliked the direction in which Buddhism was heading for so the King administered the hel p of Padhmasanbava to monish the growing power of the ministers. Wherever Buddhist missionaries went, chaos was sure to follow. As a result, civil war broke out between the two religious sects and the spread of Buddhism came to a stand still after the assassination of King Detsan.Under the guidance of the ministers, Lang Dharma took over and a long line of hostilities occurred across the land as persecution of the Buddhist monks and nunneries were carried out, packing destruction to the initial monasteries built for worship (HAR 65422). Monastaries were a vital component of the Buddhism faith as it not only serves as a refuge for those who practice the faith or are oppressed, it is also the place where important books and records close Buddhism are stored. Destroying such(prenominal) an establishment would disrupt the solemnity of the faith.This is the reason why so many Indian and Chinese missionaries were needed in Tibet as rebuilding the monasteries was necessary for preservati on of Buddhism. Under the reign of Je Tsongkhapa, the Ganden Monastery was erected amidst the chaos that enveloped the war local communities. The monastery housed many monks and nuns who had been driven away by the enemies of the Buddhist religion and was described to be one of the grandest monasteries ever built. It also contained an extensive collection of Buddhist teachings and philosophies from famous gurus and translators who have kept the recorded teachings of Buddha (Kapstein, 2000).As years past, Tibetan and translators and pilgrims decide to take a journey to India, China and Nepal in search for gurus and more teachings that they could bring back to their homeland. This has led to the visitations of different Buddhist missionaries in Tibet most notable are Atisa, the Indian scholar and the great translators Rinchen Zangpo and Milarepa. The presence of these three missionaries supported the rebirth of Buddhism in the local communities, after its devastated state during the reign of Lang Dharma.This was said to be the beginning of the evolvement of the Buddhist tradition (Kapstein, 2000). Emergence of a New Buddhist customs The Avalokiteshvara Statue and Painting seen in the RMA depicts the evolution of the images that constitute the image of Buddha to the local communities (HAR 65451 & HAR 40). Both of the artworks show the different adaptations made of the image of Buddha to fit the culture of a particular area. For instance, in China, Avalokiteshavara is referred to as Quan Yin while in Tibet he is known as Chenrayzeg.When Buddhism started its roots in India, it was known as Teravada Buddhism but by the time it has reached eastmost Asia, it had become Mahayana Buddhism which consisted of slightly different set of beliefs yet still rooted in the Indian precept. When this spread into the Himalayas, it became known as Vadrayana Buddhism. From this context, one can see that while the teachings and stories about the Buddha are the same in many differe nt regions, it often takes on the aspects of the local culture (Snelling, 1999).In reference to the Buddha Shakyamuni painting found in the RMA, one can denote that the painting illustrated different sights that foretold stories of Buddha Shakyamunis life. A part of the painting features people conversing with each other, while the Buddha is seen with a halo-like appearance as he gives lessons to a group of people (HAR 955). Himalayan art often depicts religious stories of tradition by incorporating Chinese and Western styles. Although the painting was done in Tibet, the stories included in the painting storeated from India as that is the main setting of Buddhas representation in the stories.The solemn presence of nature in the painting such as the mountains, trees, clouds and the wide landscapes demonstrates how Buddhism has interlocked with different cultural systems (Kapstein, 2000). Due to the blending of the Chinese, Indian and Tibetan systems, the results produced three subca tegories of Buddhism in Tibet which were the Kadampa, Sakyapa and Kagyupa. All three only differed from the school of origin that they belonged to but they collectively teach the same principles that the great Buddha had taught (Snelling, 1999).Based on the research given about the historical context of Himalayan art and its special relation to Buddhism, it can be denoted that the artworks emphasize the importance of spiritual life in the Tibetan community. Most artworks depict a sense of other worldliness as it attempts to illustrate the merging of the earthly realms and the divine. Representations of important figures that facilitated the spread of Buddhism are seen as supernatural, with the appendage of several arms and a crown of miniature skulls over their heads, having unruffled stature that signifies respect.Most often, the artworks illustrate a unisex type of portrayal with a god-like stance, trampling over evil forces. The same can be said about the representations of Budd ha, although elements of earth-bound activities suggests that artists attempt to make Buddha seem more approachable to the people. The integration of Buddhism in Tibets culture has greatly influenced the way they view the world around them, and this in turn provides an outlook into the rooted spirituality that are present in the Himalayan regions. References Avalokiteshvara statue & painting. HAR 65451 & HAR 40. In The Rubin Museum of Art.Buddha Shkayamuni Life Story. HAR 955. In The Rubin Museum of Art. Kapstein, M. T. (2000). The Tibetan Assimilation of Buddhism Conversion, Contestation, and Memory. New York Oxford University Press, pp. 57-58. Padmasambhava. HAR 65422. In The Rubin Museum of Art. Tignor, R. , Adelman, J. , Brown, P. , Elman, B. , Pittmann, H. , & Shaw, B. (2008). Worlds Together Worlds Apart History of the World. (2nd ed. ). NewYork W. W. Norton & Company. Snelling, J. (1999). The Buddhist Handbook A Complete Guide to Buddhist Schools, Teaching, Practice, and His tory. Rochester, Vermont Inner Traditions.

Orapronobis Case Study Essay

Vigilantes, rebels, ordinary citizens and the government this is what the film consists of with dry barren lands, unpaved roads and gauzy town as the setting. This is a situation where peace and freedom is difficult to achieve. Nowadays, we are already modernized, living lives in the city and not wondering if this shut away occurs. Us teens do not really bother whats with other parts of the plain, we only live in a small world, mostly in cyber world but only focusing on entertainment and fun. But does the scene shown in the film really present today?In the story, it was Marcos politics when the foreign priest was shot by the so-called orapronobis just because of complaining on what they are doing. At the time martial law ended, our country became parliamentary and people were non-violent with the lead of Corazon Aquino. That is what everyone thought. But the film just showed me that it is not. It is just orapronobis had been considered vigilantes so the church and the governmen t do not really interfere with their laws and acts even they tranquillize kill innocent people. Innocent or rebel, it is still not right to just arrest someone without any proof who they really are as a citizen. Many families had suffered for the loss of a relative especially Jimmy who had been an ex-priest, ex-rebel and advocate for Human Rights, whom his ex-girlfriend back then together with his son got inhumanely killed by Commander Kontra.Now, this moment where Aquino is our president, we do not focus somewhat this matter. We are too busy minding our own lives. There are no news reports about this. But later I had watched the film, I feel a little upset with how our government works. They are too much busy making our country as wealthy as possible not thinking on some poor rural areas where groups such as orapronobis still exist and many an(prenominal) men, women and children were brutally killed. I personally did not think that this is still happening but as I had heard on the forum done after the film showing, it really is. It is just media cannot reach this poor areas as well as the government. But it is not right. Ones life is still a life, and it is important. Many lives need justice and these instances needed to stop. I know it is difficult but as this kind of show had been watched by every citizen, there exponent be some changes. So this must be spread to everyone to make a change

How can we overcome the limitations of financial statements?

Financial statements are an important source of development to multiple groups of peck. These people may belong within the organization or they may be outsiders. The internal users of financial statement acknowledge managers, financial analysts, CFOs and accountants. Whereas external users may include government agencies, such as tax agencies and the securities and exchange commission, financial consultants, investors, creditors, etc.Now there are certain limitations that financial statements have, and this may cause problems in making intra and inter-company comparisons.In order to minimize or overcome the short-comings of financial statements investors, accountants, CFOs have all developed different analytical tools and techniques. For internal users, especially managers, proceeding measures have played a significant role in minimizing the effects of these limitations. Analysts now use tools that aid in valuing companys performance beyond financial results, bringing factors lik e leadership, patents, specialized workforce, brands and human resources into the picture. Technology has removed a lot of barriers, especially with respect to finance, as companies today are in addition implementing financial data warehouses the use of which makes it a lot easier for organizations and individuals to make decisions that are logical and in most cases correct.Moreover, some companies are also voluntarily disclosing information about their strategy, key success factors and their management objectives in supplements to their financial statements. This gives the investors, creditors, and other external users of financial statements more of an idea of what the firm is about and where it may be standing in a couple of years from now.REFERENCEHelfert, Erich A. (2001). Financial Analysis Tools and Techniques A Guide For Managers. McGraw-Hill.

Pupils Welfare And Academic Attainment Education Essay

plain attention, or as it is known in an educational scene as Personal, Social, Health and Economic focus or PSHE, has been under much argument and examination in the last decennary or so. The communication environing this country of statement is about how of import it is and if it has a topographic stagecoach within or along font the National Curriculum. There are inquiries about the relevancy PSHE plays within schools and whether it is second to the much schoolman based topics, and if it is in fact an country that needs to be included who is tasked with the occupation of presenting it?The chief human raceations I will be utilizing to discourse the inquiry are, Positions on Pastoral Care Pastoral Care and Personal Social Education Entitlement and Provision Problems and Practice of Pastoral Care How to be a Successful Form Tutor The Pastoral and the Academic. Additionally to these I will be doing usage of articles, electronic stuff and an review study by Ofsted into PSHE. Pastoral attention and individualised-social instruction enkindle be found to arise before the Education Act was formed in 1944 and some understanding day of the months as far back as the last century. Although it was non until the 1970s, and shortly after critics, that publications about clownish attention began to emerge in print, so it dope safely be said that PSHE and unpolished attention has existed alongside instruction for a piece, ( opera hat et al, 1995 ) . A diffused construct from the general consensus for a sensible definition of PSHE is Personal, societal, health and economic ( PSHE ) instruction is a planned architectural plan of larning chances and experiences that help dupes and immature people grow and develop as persons and as members of househ quondam(a)s and of societal and economic communities . 1 ( PSHE Education, ND )When it comes to pastoral attention a phrase which is going progressively used is the concealed course of study , a phrase that defi nes a side consequence of larning which is non intentionally intended. The expostulation to this is that no portion of the course of study should be incomprehensible , for merely if it is openly defined heap at that manoeuver be a plausible and incorporate structured programme of PSHE within schools, ( Marland & A Rogers, 2004, p.20 ) . An interesting point raised by Keith Blackburn that can associate to the hidden course of study is that to each one member of the teaching staff, non merely the chassis coach, contributes in assorted ways to countries focused on the PSHE lessons, something I will deed to subsequently in this reappraisal ( Blackburn cited in Best et Al, 1980 p.58 ) . Overall, it is clear in some countries that in that location are values based on PSHE within schools and it is seen as an indispensable facet of alone school ethos, furthering a safe and unafraid environment where kids are able to larn.So, from my initial readings it seems that the become of the signifier coach is to divulge the everyplaceall eudaimonia of the pupil with the purpose of it holding a positive impact on the remainder of their instruction. With this general background in head we can get down to discourse how the place held by the pastoral carer/form coach is important to pupils public assistance and academic attainment.The signifier coach can hold many functions within a school, he/she are the first grownup students will run into in the forenoon and he/she have more contact coiffe with each student in comparing to their capable instructors. As a instructor he/she is at that place to supply resist and counsel, every bit good as being a function theoretical account to whom their students can look up to. Dillon and Maguire acknowledge this in their rule book Becoming a Teacher, and so travel on to state merely being there is an of import factor, supplying students with what might be the lone point of security in the instance of those with helter-skel ter lives , ( Dillon & A Maguire, 2011, p.371 ) . In turn toing the point made by Blackburn brought up earlier in this treatment, subjects teacher can lend to countries focused on by the chief pastoral carer. Then once more their chief aim is to learn their course of study topic, contrary the signifier coach, they would non follow with a structured programme that students will profit from within PSHE lessons. Furthermore, while it is the responsibility of the signifier coach to advance personal victimisation , Blackburn as well as insists the signifier coach has to understand the manner each student sees himself in order to lend to his farther apprehension and penetration , ( Blackburn, cited in Best et Al, 1980, p.58 ) .This apply of a signifier coach can be a great aid during the adolescent phase of a student s spiritedness as Watkins ( 1981 ) explains that one of the chief country of the signifier coach s function will be to see is merely that adolescence . A slippery c lip for a student as they are trying to develop their ain individuality and where they fit within the larger community. Watkins puts it as striplings are continuously voluminous in experimenting with their self-presentation and judging the reactions thereto , ( Watkins, ND, cited in Hamblin, 1981, p.22 ) .During his calling Douglas Hamblin ( 1981 ) had become progressively cognizant of schools where the pastoral system was under-functioning and doing small direct part to the attainment of the whole schools ethos. He seems to admit that instructors were non the 1s to fault, the job stemmed from uneffective pastoral attention caused by a hapless deficiency of structured programmes from which carers could present utile lessons, ( Hamblin, 1981, p.3 ) . Fortunately, wide-ranging lineations of learning standards in these PSHE lessons can be found in many publications, in add-on necessary qualities in being a successful signifier coach can be besides be found. One peculiar publication which discusses both would be How to be a successful Form Tutor, by Marland & A Rogers, ( 2004 ) in which they describe that a signifier coach is a instructor whose topic is the student herself , ( Marland & A Rogers, 2004, p.19 ) . The suggestion here is that each student s personal development , addressed by Blackburn before, is different and they should hold their ain single acquisition program to assist them come on. Marland and Rogers so travel on to compose about a theoretical account that focuses on seven countries of personal-social growing drawn upon by Richard Pring these include rational and moral virtuousnesss, division traits, societal competences, practical and theoretical cognition and personal values, ( Pring, 1984, cited in Marland & A Rogers, 2004 p.22-4 ) .These countries described here can help in the betterment of both the public assistance of students and their overall academic accomplishment or as Calvert expresses it, issues of emotional intelligen ce were cardinal to larning and non merely concerned with go toing to the public assistance of the kid , ( Calvert, 2009, p. 274 ) .In 1980 there was a Great Debate of instruction looking into the constitution of a more purposeful course of study the topic of pastoral attention was mistily addressed but non much was done about the luxuriant and frequently complicated systems that were in topographic point, in which academic personal businesss were separated from public assistance and counsel , ( Best et al, 1980, p. ( xi ) ) . In the publication The Pastoral and the Academic, Powers ( 1996 ) writes that in its early phases pastoral attention had been used as a manner to depict any undertaking that would non suit into the academic side of instruction, ( Power, 1996, p.30 ) . As it was defined chiefly in negative footings, it lacked internal tackiness and organizing rules, ( Power, 1996, p.30 ) . So at that place seems to be this great oversight between both pastoral and acade mic, but some authors thumb there is a contend to unite the two in an interlacing relationship so they can feed off each other to better public presentation of students well-being and faculty members. Hamblin feels that the relationship of pastoral attention to achievement can non be stressed excessively strongly ( Hamblin, 1981, p4 ) .There is a big sum of grounds that suggests PSHE has had a strong influence on students in both positive and negative ways. Such an illustration is the Ofsted review study into personal, societal, wellness and economic instruction in schools, which took topographic point between September 2006 and July 2009 in 165 kept up schools in England. In one school visited students responded positively towards PSHE instruction, exhibiting resplendent behavior within lessons and had developed lively and joint debating accomplishments and were besides willing to listen to the positions of others , ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . The students besides showed their societ al and personal accomplishments in practical ways by moving as function theoretical accounts and wise mans for younger students. The findings suggest that many of the schools with consistent and good quality learning were really much unfree on whether PSHE was taught by non-specialist instructors ( who were frequently coachs ) or by instructors who had had some preparation in PSHE instruction , ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . This analysis suggests the benefits from holding a strongly structured programme for PSHE lessons can help any type of coach deliver a lesson.There is grounds of negative positions towards pastoral attention picked up by Powers ( 1996 ) , Calvert ( 2009 ) and Hamblin ( 1981 ) . As discussed earlier, Hamblin acknowledges the under operation of pastoral attention, while Calvert explains there are seven ages of pastoral attention which have developed over the last 50 old ages. These are pastoral attention as control as individual demand as group demand the pastoral cou rse of study for murder of the National Curriculum for learning and for the wider work force and the Every Child Matters docket , something Power besides picks up on in less item, ( Calvert, 1996, p 270-274 ) .It seems apparent that the function of the signifier coach, no affair how many significant alterations it goes through, one portion which remains critical and is agreed upon is the development of the students wellbeing, ( Rees, 2010, cited in Dillon & A Maguire, 2011 ) . This sentiment of personal development dealt with by Marland and Rogers ( 2004 ) is something that is besides picked up on by Keith Blackburn in Perspectives on Pastoral Care, depicting a new function created for instructors in secondary schools whose main accent was cognizing single students , ( Blackburn, cited in Best et Al, p.56 ) .Associating many of the Hagiographas is this impression of the academic and the pastoral working together alternatively of against each other. Best and fellow autho rs indicate in Perspective on Pastoral Care, that as far back as 1980 there is clear deliberation over the thought of segregating the pastoral course of study from academic as a questionable act and something that the great argument in instruction should hold picked up on but failed to so, ( Best et al, 1980, P ( xi ) ) . Chris Watkins suggests that schoolmasters and instructors should guarantee that pastoral attention in schools embodies a healthy balance between challenge and support for students , ( Best et al, 1995, p.304 ) The division of PSHE course of study devoted to either public assistance of students or their academic accomplishment is nonsensical, as the focal point on supplying for personal growing and accomplishment together is a better model for success, ( Standish et Al. 2006, cited in Dillon and Maguire 2011 ) something for which Watkins ( 1981 ) and Powers ( 1996 ) agree on.Mentioning back to the original inquiry posed, I feel it can be concluded that the signif ier coach is genuinely cardinal to helping in the personal development of students in both well-being and academic attainment, ( Blackburn, cited in Best et Al, 1980, p.58 ) . It seems a common understanding that the responsibility of the signifier coach is to cognize the students as persons and help them in their personal development of these countries. It is besides apparent that the academic side of instruction is improved by such subjects taught in PSHE as discovered by Ofsted during their reviews, ( Ofsted, 2010 ) . However, it is good and works better if there is a structured programme in topographic point to work to. Unfortunately there is no easy reply to what constitutes an in agreement pastoral course of study. Everyone seems to hold similar thoughts about what should and should non be included nevertheless there are excessively many inconsistent thoughts to do a graceful construction as yet, ( Calvert, 1996, p.268 ) .

Human Profile

Chapter 5 gentlemans gentleman Factors in air protection sy topic Contents Page grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Background on tender Error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 FAA AND HUMAN FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 FAA Policy and Plans for Human Factors and line warranter scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 FAA Requirements for tune protection Human-Factors Implications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Other Issues for Human Factors and Profiling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Policy Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Box Box Page 5-A. UAL Hi-Tech Screenin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 Chapter 5 Human Factors in Aviation earnest factors in these cases good deal smashingly improve the utilization of technology for air passage credentials. Dramatic accidents ca utilisationd by sympathetic being flaws in the atomic power, chemical, and transportation industries have increase public direction to tender performance issues during the historical decade. Additional training requirements, revised operating procedures, warning devices, and expanded political relation all oversight atomic number 18 typical recommendations following accident investigations.However, these stopgap measures address altogether the surface of problems that argon rooted in the complex interactions of people and equipment at heart the braggyr constitution and the institutional and nerveal structures and procedures that drive the planning, design, and management of these sy melodic themes. Following the ground collision of two jetliners in Detroit in December 1990, Dr. John Lauber, a member of the National Transportation Board, said that basically the line system, the way were operating it, almost demands nearly error-free tender performance. Similar concerns can be echoed for the airwave bail systema number of successful air hose terrorist stock-stillts have been traced to a human hardship. 2 The challenge is to design a system. . which is tolerant of those errors when they do occur and which detects and traps them before we have a catastrophe. 3 Multilayered defenses atomic number 18 employed at many commercial airports and air passage terminals, and pledge managers and government authorities are turning to raw(a) technologies to buttress these systems. Heretofore, federal official requirements and manufacture use of certification technologies have usually been with specific functions in mind.As long as the technical goals could be m et in effect, the equipment was considered satisfactory and human performance problems re modernd to the technology were re decided through revised training and procedures. technology use in counterterrorism will likely increase dramatically over the next decade, but if early and INTRODUCTION Human resources are critical to melody security. Security personnel passenger and luggage screeners, guards and law enforcement abilityrs, and airport and airline employees in general-are important elements of a system that prevents and deters hostile acts against air carriers.Technology can enhance, but can non replace, the capabilities of these people and the many services they provide. Moreover, management practices based on behavioural question findings can further improve human performance. This chapter considers the function of screeners in weapons and explosives undercover accomplishment, and the role of guards, officers, and former(a) aviation employees in discovering (and deter ring) suspicious individuals or situations. Within the medieval 20 classs, technology has greatly increased the capability and productivity of these security people.Metal detectors and roentgen ray devices are faster, more accurate, and more socially acceptable tools for masking piece passengers and baggage than manual searches. Remote television and different monitoring devices, computer- get wordled access to restricted areas, and communication and info systems allow general surveillance and nemesis assessment. season these technologies procession the capabilities of a security system to new levels, their ultimate success and actual performance depend on the people who design, operate, and maintain them.Many security assignments require insistent tasks and close monitoring for rare events functions that humans perform vilely. Selecting advantageously-suited individuals, training them properly, designing their work environment and rotation schedule to elicit the best p ossible performance, and providing pack incentives are fundamental requirements for successful operations, regardless of the type of technology in place. These functions involve human performance application of human p. A17. IJohn Lauber quoted by John H. Cushmau younger , Test for Aviation Coping with Human Shortcomings,The New York Times, Dec. 0, 1990, ne example was the destruction of a Korean Air Lines flight over the Andaman Sea by a bomb planted by North Korean agents. The device, in a carry-on bag, was ahnost detected at a security checkpoint in Baghdad at an earlier stop. When a security guard wished to remove the batteries from a radio, one terrorist turned the radio on, proving it operated, and then raised a hue and cry, yelling and complaining. quite of exploitation this as a reason to stop the two suspect individuals and to examine their belongings minutely, the security forces decided to avoid trouble by allowing them to proceed. Laur, op. cit. , footer 1. 79 80 q T echnology Against act of terrorism Structuring Security methodic attention is non minded(p) to human performance issues, we may expect that system efficiency and strong suit will be self-coloredly impaired. Background on Human Error The human role in a security system is complex hence the nature of human errors, from mental to physical, varies widely. Mental or cognitive errors can allow improper judgment or decision qualification, while physical errors may stem from motor skill deficiencies or faulty equipment design.A combination of physical and mental processes may influence other kinds of errors, much(prenominal) as those involving communication, perception, or alertness. Human factors, a make up combining behavioral sciences and engineering, focuses on improving the performance of complex systems of people and machines. Designing and operating a system so that it does non birth human error (in fact, designing it so that human error may be minimized) is one critical c omponent of human factors and limiting the impact of a human error once it occurs is another aspect.Many types of human error are systematic, following genuine predictable patterns once these patterns are identified, countermeasures can be substantial. For example, poor location of switches or dials can pee manual or perceptual errors. For those types of human error that do not follow predictable patterns, mitigation techniques are difficult to develop. Some examples of mitigation techniques include automatic monitoring and warning devices. These subsystems, when properly designed and implemented, can be in of import tools for negating human error.Employee pickaxallowing into the system only those people least likely to make mistakes and continued quality control maintained through training and monitoring are basic move for minimizing human errors. Potential errors can be forestalled by the use of standard procedures and checklists for routine and emergency tasks, planning work shifts and assignments so as not to induce inattention and 4EM1 L. hlC. , fatigue, and properly designing the work environment. If human factors engineering is done properly at the conceptual and design stage, the cost is high, but paid only once.If tranin g mustiness compensate for poor design, the price is paid every day. 4 According to one expert, there does not appear to be a strong strike for new basic inquiry in human factors related spectifically to security-behavioral science findings in general and experience with human performance problems in other industries are probably sufficient to enhance current security operations. 5 For example, such knowledge is being used to upgrade security screener selection by airlines, and to improve training standards.However, the mechanisms to identify early on and to address effectively the human performance issues stemming from new security technologies, such as explosives detective work systems, are not yet in place in industry or the Federal Government. Shifting boring and repetitive tasks that people perform bad to machines is an fire that can reduce errors. However, automated devices (or any new technology) may create new sources of human error. 6 Excessive false alarms unnecessarily avert operators and may lead to the device being ignored or disabled.During different or emergency circumstances, the lack of flexibility in many automated systems can be a serious limitation and the human backup may not be mentally or physically prepared (or possibly even capable) to take over. Consequently, a full system approach is required for reducing total human errors. FAA AND HUMAN FACTORS FAA Policy and Plans for Human Factors and Aviation Security In a report released in July 1988, OTA concluded that FAA attention to the spectrum of human performance problems in commercial aviation fell far short of the level warranted, since human error is the leading cause of aviation accidents. Later that said(prenominal) yea r, Congress passed the Aviation Safety Nagel heel, $cwit Automation Hun acor in Aviation, Eu1 L. wiener and David c. (eds. ) (Sm Diego, CA Academic PESS, 1988) p. 454. SH. cfion FoUShee, cef scienlc and Tec Advi,qor for Human FaCto, FAA pso wmmunimtio 1991. 6see wiener, op. cit. , fote 4, Ch. 13 for a debateion of new and subtle types of human error that have resulted from the introduction of automation into aircraft cockpits. W. S. Congress, OffIce of Technology Assessment Safe Skies for Tomorrow Aviation Safefy in a Competitive Environnzent, OE4-SET-381 ( capital letter, DC U.S. Government Printing Offke, July 1988). Chapter 5-Hurnun Factors in Aviation Security q 81 Research Act, which directed the FAA to expand its research efforts on human performance in aviation and authorized funds specifically for that purpose. 8 The FAA responded by creating the position of Chief Scientific and Technical Advisor for Human Factors, responsible for coordinating for the FAA various human-fac tors research efforts indoors the FAA NASA, and the DOD and for opening lines of communication within the FAA and industry.Communication among Federal agencies is critical, since decisions made by the aviation industry and the operational and regulatory sections of the FAA often drive the need for new human-factors research and could benefit from an cause of humanfactors research findings and products. The FAA has made progress in addressing the earlier criticism of its human-factors programmes and understanding in aircraft and air traffic control (ATC) equipment and operations.However, the key shortcomings in FAA human-factors efforts that OTA cited in its 1988 study-insufficient agency expertise, uncoordinated research efforts, and regulations and certification standards that do not reflect human-factors principles-still exist within FAA civil aviation security programs. During the course of its study, OTA examined closely many of the technology reading programs and regulator y efforts underway in the security sections of FAA and found a general lack of awareness and understanding of the human-factors issues refer with possible new security technologies.An exception to this situation, however, and a hopeful indicator of a new trend, has been the hiring of a human-factors expert at the FAA Technical cracker bonbon to oversee human-factors research as it relates to airline security. However, at present, it appears that the FAA is ill-prepared to identify and address possible human-factors concerns with the increasingly complex and diverse security technologies now under development. The dearth of accomplished humanfactors specialists in areas of the FAA responsible for civil aviation security is a serious deficiency.Until recently, the Aviation Security R&D Service of the Technical vegetable marrow would have merited similar concerns, but this shortcoming is being redressed, at least in map. Some of the expertise that the FAA is developing on human f actors for other uses could also be applied to security issues. single potential vehicle for bringing human-factors knowledge into aviation security efforts is the National Plan for Aviation Human Factors (HF Plan), the first major product of the h ogdoadened FAA attention to human performance issues following the enactment of the Aviation Safety Research Act.The HF Plan identifies significant human performance issues and lays out a 10-year blueprint for establishing and coordinating research programs and conveying the results across Federal agencies and industry. The HF Plans development depended strongly on advisory committees composed of a cross-section of research, operational, and regulatory representatives from government and industry and approximately 50 of the nations leading human-factors researchers. The good news show for aviation security is that the Plan appears to provide a strong foundation for multi- and cross-disciplinary efforts and understanding in human factors and has begun to institutionalize and focus consideration of human-factors issues in FAA decisionmaking. The bad news is that nowhere in the Plan is security mentionedthe Plan addresses the following five aviation environments only aircraft flight decorate, air traffic control, aircraft maintenance, airway facilities maintenance, and flight deck/ATC integration.This should not be construed as criticism of the general thrust of the HF Planthe human-factors categories considered have historically been more critical to aviation safety and are considerably more complex than human performance issues in security-and it is beyond the scope of this study to analyze in detail the specifics of the HF Plan. However, some objectives and products of the HF Plan maybe directly transferable to aviation security, provided that lines of communication are established and security experts are included in committee structures.The Plan has eight objectives, all of which can apply to aviation security, but the following two are especially pertinent, given the present attention to technologies for countering terrorism . to encourage the development of principles of human-centered automation and the design of SAviation Stieu Research emailprotected I%blic bW 100-591. %J. S. Department of Transportation Fedeml Aviation Administratio The National Plan For Aviation Human Factors, vol. I, draf November 1990. 82 q Technology Against terrorism Structuring Security dvanced technology that will capitalize on the relative strengths of humans and machines . to develop human factors-oriented validation and certification standards for aviation system ironware and personnel that will enhance both safety and efficiency . 10 The HF Plan is designed to be reexamined and revised periodically and aviation security could be added explicitly as a focus area if need and resources warrant. Crucial to the development and future success of the HF pian is the Human Factors organise committee (HFCC), for med by the FAA administra11 tor in September 1989.HFCC has representatives from each major division of FAA and serves as an advisory body for senior management of FAA in all matters involving human performance and is intended to assure that human factors issues are represented in all FAA activities. 12 Until very recently, the Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security was not represented on this committee. However, this omission has since been recti13 critical-flight safety is at risk only when security performance fails at the same time that a threat occurs.Moreover, FAA staff and the agency cul- ture are predominantly interested in aviation technology and operations and protecting facilities and countering terrorism are not an inherent part of aviation, l4 However, the increasing Complexity of screening technologies and the continuing (possibly increasing) terrorist threat make the performance of aviation security systems more critical to flight safety. fied. Aviation t errorist events in the mid-eighties made apparent the shortcomings of the minimum Federal security requirements.The FAA and the airlines both focused attention on screener selection and training, detection and screening technologies, and airline management of security programs and systems. The FAA has increased requirements and oversight of security personnel (selection, training, and management) and equipment (weapons and explosives detectors), but has not yet addressed how security personnel and equipment perform as components of a system. Screener Selection and learning For years, the people who screened airline passengers and baggage for domestic flights generally received little training, low wages, and few benefits.Consequently, alarmin g numbers of domestic 15 FAA Requirements for Aviation Security Human-Factors Implications Aviation security personnel and equipment have received (and have not needed) the same level of regulatory and certification attention that the FAA pla ces on flightcrew, air-traffic controllers, and ground patronize personnel and their respective aviation equipment. The FAA has focused its regulatory efforts on elements of the aviation system essential to flight safety. For example, the performance of pilots and aircraft systems are continuously critical for maintaining safety-a failure could cause an accident.On the other hand, the performance of the security system (other than as a deterrent) is rarely not screeners failed unannounced FAA tests (22 percent failure rate in 1988). 16 Since there has not been a severe domestic terrorist threat against aviation in the United States, these shortcomings have not resulted in life or holding losses. 17 In light of public pressure following the Lockerbie disaster and costly fines stermming from FAA inspections, the Air Transport Association (ATA) developed an extensive set of screener selection, training, and allowance standards.ATA pro- 1%id. , p. 3. lllbid. , p. 28. l%id. , p. 28. l sundm tie FAA rgatio sce fi plaW in 1988 emailprotected 1990, tie Office of Aviation Security wu represented the Executive Director for regulative Standards and Compliance, to whom it reported. 14fiowlge of aviation twolow d Operatiom i5 impot to fict ad ofi sty. For eple, spec characteristics of aviatio Such as large volumes of people and luggage that must be screened quickly, drive the security system design and functions.IsHowever, es ustomy ve gher snds for security personuel working h ktWtEitiOlld OpelZitiOllS. 16Lpe Osmus, office of Aviation Security, FW, personal COllMIluIlktitiOIL Feb. 22, 1991. emailprotected on tie deffitio he desction of a PSA ftight in 1987, caused by a disgruntled ex-emPIOYW Who Shot tie flying combination in emailprotected t aircraft be considered a terroris4 as well as criminal, act. In this case, theex-employee had an identifkation card with which he gained access to the so screener training was not an issue. Chapter 5-Human Factors in Aviation Se curity 83 posed that airlines (or their security contractors) 18 consider education and health criteria, the ability to speak English, and aptitude test results before hiring screeners, and that they fling competitive wages, benefits, and incentives and follow a comprehensive training curriculum. In March 1990, the ATA asked the FAA to adopt its proposal as requirements for all airlines. Based on this cooperative industry effort, the FAA has required some of these suggested upgrades in training measures for screeners. (Most U. S. irlines have adopted at least some of the ATA recommendations the failure rate on random checks has since dropped importantly. )19 The FAA decided not to include selection and wage standards because such a change would require public comment (i. e. , through the Federal Register), thereby calling attention to sensed or actual security weaknesses. rewards to those who detect test weapons and explosives (and even higher rewards to those who find the real thi ng) and increasing wages to at least the local habitual rate. For comparison, in Israel, screeners are paid at a level considered a good salary, far higher than minimum wage. In Switzerland, they are paid at the rate of about $lOper hour. In the United States, rates are often near minimum wage. Management Practices and Human Performance The FAA mandates certain positions in an airlines organizational structure, such as a security director for the airline and security coordinators at each airport, but airline management practices and school of thought usually fall outside the scope of FAA 20 regulatory authority.In Safe Skies for Tomorrow, OTA found that the effect of airline operating or management practices on airline safety, and changes in those practices, were rarely addressed in FAA safety analyses. 21 The FAAs Human Factors plan cites the influence of management culture on human performance as one area where basic research is needed. 22 If the organizational climate (i. e. , working conditions, wages, management, organizational culture, etc. ) does not allow an individual to perform at his or her peak, it may not matter how well he or she is trained or how well designed the technology is. 3 The ATA proposal for upgrading screener standards suggests crowing screeners employee benefits common in many industries (vacation, holiday, medical) that contractors often dont receive) offering to contractors the advantages of airline employment (e. g. , low-cost travel) and career opportunities to top performers providing monetary The United Airlines approach to improving screener performance on all flights from selected airports delineates one set of management techniques (box 5-A). Another approach has been undertaken by American Airlines, lthough only for its world(prenominal) flights. 24 American treats its international screeners as part of the American team. They are hired as full-fledged airline employees, not employees of a contracted security agency, an d enjoy the same salary levels and benefits that raging agents do. The educational level of entrants appears relatively high, with a few individuals having locomote degrees. There appears also to be a real opportunity for advancement within American Airlines, and not just in the security division.Before starting work, the entrants are brought to Dallas (from across the world many screeners are hired from the countries in which they will be working) for 2 weeks of training at Americans headquarters. The training includes emphasis on the screening questions as well as on what to look for on the x-ray screens. The screeners ask the standard questions as to who packed the baggage and whether anyone could have placed contraband in it. But they also ask general questions regarding last and travel plans, somewhat akin to the lines of questioning performed by El Al.Indeed, American has used Israeli security consultants in designing their security system. The screeners look for a number o f specific characteristics, which remain proprietorship to the company. If too many of the characteristics match a passenger, the individuals baggage will receive much impendent inspection. Screeners are ro- 18Most screeg for domestic flights in the United States is conducted by security Contractors, nOtairhe employC%S. lwe Osmus, op. cit. , footnote 16. u. s. Conwss, OffIce of Technology Assessment, op. it. ,fOOtiOte 7. 211bid. , p. 88. 22U. S. Department of Transportatio Federal Aviation Administration op. Cit. , fOOtnOte 9, p. 15. Ibid. 24s0 Site visit t. D* emailprotected% December 1$)90, and Homer emailprotected Chief of Sedty, American Airlines, perSOIlal COmmCatiO December 1990. 84 q Technology Against Terrorism Structuring Security tated between looking at x-ray screens and interviewing passengers. Periodically, security systems are tested by contractors, who choose an American employee to play a terrorist.A specific scenario is given to this impostor, and the reaction of the security personnel is noted. If they do not perform their functions, they may be subject to severe discipline, including termination. The result of the overall approach, using incentives and threat of discipline for negligence, appears to be a well-motivated and alert force. Box 5-AUAL Hi-Tech Screening United Airlines is focusing on management practices in its program, called Hi-Tech Screening, to improve the quality of pre-departure screening and the public perception of this highly visible function.Begun in 1987 at Chicago OHare and San Francisco dromes, the program incorporated many of the selection and incentive stairs later recommended in the ATA proposal, and also attempted to integrate technology and people by reconfiguring the screening environment to make it more pleasant for screeners and passengers as well as to improve operations. Although wages are still low, successful workers have the opportunity to join the UAL organization, instead of working as contract secur ity personnel.Improvements include direct communication links to supervisors for oversight and advice to screeners, layout designed to minimize passenger delays, and multiple cues to passengers that security measures are being taken in a victor reamer (security supervisor in an elevated booth, passengers see themselves on video monitors as they go through metal detectors, signs describing procedures are clear and concise). United believes that the program has been successful to date in increasing public awareness and employee morale and competence.At Chicago, the employee attrition rate dropped by half and weapon detections and FAA test scores increased significantly (79 percent detection rate on FAA weapons tests prior to Hi-Tech and 92 percent subsequently). United has also installed Hi-Tech Screening systems in Denver, LOS Angeles, Seattle, and Washington Dunes, with plans for additional implementation in the future. SOURCE Site visit to OHare, April 1990, and Richard Davis, Ope rational Security, United Airlines, Jan. 3,1991.Security Equipment Currently, the FAA requires airlines to employ relatively few types of security equipment primarily x-ray devices and metal detectors. The FAA established minimum performance standards for detecting weapons and explosives, and since these technologies are radiation-based, the FAA also requires that they meet Federal health and safety standards . 25 There are no standards governing operator interaction with the equipment, such as the layout of controls and display symbology options. At the time the FAA established x-ray and metal detector requirements (early 1970s), it had little expertise in human factors.Moreover, these technologies were relatively simple compared with aircraft cockpit and ATC consoles that the FAA had to certify without objective human-factors criteria, making humanfactors standards for security a relatively low priority. However, many behavioral experts argue that properly developed human-factors standards could improve system performance for aviation security as well as safety. In recent years, the FAA has issued regulations for security technologies-computer-controlled access at airports and explosive detection systemsthat are considerably more complex and have wider system implications than x rays and metal detectors.As has is evidenced in the explosive detection system (EDS) regulations published in September 1989 26 and the subsequent performance of TNA, the only device to date that could meet the FAA standards. Beyond setting detection criteria, which are critical to the security system performance, the FAA also included requirements for throughput of the device (which is primarily an economics issuesee ch. 4) and a requirement for 100-percent automated detection decisionmaking. Several lines of reasoning could lead to a design goal of total automation, including lower operating costs over the long run een commonly the case whenever new technology is used to solve a pr oblem, attention is focused on the positive aspects of the technologyhow effective it iswithout giving full consideration to possible new human-factors problems caused by the technology. The lack of attention to man/ machine human-factors and system operating issues Fr xmple, . ray ytms P-Y for cW. on baggage must meet tie snds set by the Food and Drug Administration. x54 Federal Register 36938 (Sept. 5, 1989). Chapter 5-Human Factors in Aviation Security q 85 nd possibly removing human error from the operating loop. However, it maybe useful, and sometimes vital, to keep the human in the operating/decisionmaking loop, especially if he or she must respond during emergency or unusual conditions. As has been shown so far in TNA tests, the false alarm rate is well above earlier goals and human intervention is required quite often. While automation, in the context of an EDS, is a useful tool, and total automation may be an understandable goal, requiring 100 percent automated functions i n an EDS is not justified at this time.The E D S regulations provide an example of where input from a group such as the FAAs Human Factors Coordinating Committee could help flag potentially troublesome human-factors aspects of security regulations. Airline passenger pen, in most cases, must be fast (and consequently cursory) replete so as not to impose excessive delays. In other security contexts, such as screening for the insider threat write within an organization where time is not so critical, much more detailed background data and questioning is possible.A different, although overlapping, form of compose is used by law enforcement and fact-finding agencies. Given pertinent data and evidence from a crime scene or threat, experts compile a profile of likely social, psychological, and physical characteristics of the criminal. However, much of the work and methodology could be transferred from one of the broad profiling regimes to the other. FAA Requirements for Profiling-Unde r Federal regulations, U. S. airlines must apply a relatively simple form of passenger profiling for international flights (e. g. questions regarding electronic devices), although airlines are not prohibited by FAA/DOT from conducting any form of profiling at any time. Whether or not a passenger is selected for closer scrutiny, such as a manual baggage search, depends on where his passport was issued (a factor that varies based on threat intelligence) and on responses to a serial of questions aimed at identifying potential terrorist dupes. Additionally, airlines must conduct random baggage inspections on a small percentage of otherwise unselected passengers for each flight.These requirements do not apply to domestic flights or to foreign airlines, which results in an obvious gap in protection for Americans. The fact Passenger Profiling In-depth questioning of all airline passengers and detailed examin ation of each of their personal belongings and baggage is impossible in a modern transportation system. Since most of the millions of passengers that fly on U. S. airlines each year pose no security risk, targeting security resources on the small number of passengers who exhibit some elements of the threat profile is one way to increase security without clogging transportation flows. rofiling can be a valuable component of a transportation security system, providing an independent complement to hardware-based (and often more expensive) explosives and weapons detection technologies. Successful profiling depends on a large support system including comprehensive intelligence networks and threat analyses, information system technology to process large databases, behavioral research and analysis, and trained and motivated screening personnel.There are two general approaches to operational profiling. One compares passenger demographic and other background data (age, sex, nationality, travel itinerary, etc. ) to historic or recent intelligencederived threat profiles. The other is based on the examiners psychological assessment of the passenger, taking into forecast nervousness, hostility, or other suspicious characteristics. Most profiling systems currently use elements of both approaches to varying degrees. that foreign airlines that compete with U.S. airlines on international routes do not have to satisfy these requirements imposes an economic penalty on domestic carriers and weakens their ability to compete successfully with foreign carriers, which, in addition, are usually statesubsidized. Domestic airlines complain, with justification, that a level playing field should be established to avoid this unfair disadvantage. An option would be to compensate U. S. airlines for the additional costs, either from Federal subsidies or from the Airport Trust Fund. 7 Alternatively, foreign carriers could be required to apply similar security measures on flights landing in the United States to those demanded of U. S. carriers. The United States has forc ed smash security practices in foreign 2% l$)7(j, Congress estiblishedaprecedent for compensating U. S. air carriers forsecuritymeasures incurred in international operatiombyautioritig nearly $10 million for fiscal years 1976-78 (Public rightfulness 94-353, sec. 24). In 1982, Congress extended the authorized limit to $15 million (Public Law 97-248, sec. 24(d). Nearly this much was actually disbursed to four U. S. carriers. 84 q Technology Against Terrorism Structuring Security revocation of landing rights of carriers from those countries in the absence of improvements. airports by threatening coordinating security management decisions and for providing a conduit for a detailed database. 30 The FAA is considering making CPSP mandatory, but a number of carriers oppose it, citing security officer vigilance problems caused by distraction by computer keyboard and display.Knowledgeable FAA and airline personnel claim that airline opposition stems mainly from the increased oversight capa bilities that such a system would give the FAA CPSP would provide a detailed record of all airline profiling actions (and errors or failures) that could be used for civil penalty proceedings. Presently, the FAA oversees airline profiling procedures through random or scheduled field visits. The FAA counters that if a would-be felon sneaks through, CPSP also can provide documented proof that the airline followed FAA-required procedures, shifting some liability for a profiling failure to the FAA. 1 Additionally, there is substantial U. S. airlines operating on European routes have been permitted to substitute their own profiling programs for FAA requirements. 28 Most U. S. airlines and many foreign carriers conduct more extensive profile screening than minimum FAA requirements at foreign airports and some U. S. international gateways. Some airlines train their international employees in profiling techniques while others hire contractors to handle security for their international fligh ts.Proprietary profiling procedures used by these airlines are modeled generally on the Israeli El Al method of profiling which is more comprehensive (and intrusive) than FAA requirements and reportedly includes psychological, social, and political factors. Complaints by certain groups, such as Arab-Americans, claiming harassment, stem from carrier-initiated profiling, not Federal requirements. 29 During the past 5 years, the FAA has developed and tested a computer-based profiling tool aimed at potential terrorist hijackers and saboteurs.The Comprehensive Passenger Screening Profile (CPSP) is both a checklist and decision aid for field officers and a data collection system to support profiling enhancements. It encompasses the current FAA required profiling procedures plus additional factors based on a data profile of terrorists, using historical and intelligence sources. The decision process for selecting a passenger for further examination is automated through a series of mathemati cally weighted yes/no questions (some of which do not require passenger interviews), that the security officer responds to via a keyboard.CPSP is designed for easy modication if intelligence or data analysis indicates a need. In early 1990, the FAA offered CPSP as an option for airlines to meet profiling requirements. Continental Airlines and United Airlines have tested versions of CPSP at a few locations, and have been generally sunny with its performance, especially as a tool for centrally ho emailprotected FAA htelligence, personal communication Oct. 1*, 1990%llid. analytic value to the large data set that would come from CPSP.As discovered during TNA testing, little is known about the baseline average passenger and baggage therefore, general background data, regardless of how well CPSP works operationally, would be valuable for security planning. No names of passengers are (or legally can be) included in such a data set maintained by the Federal Government. 32 However, as priva te entities, airlines can and do maintain such lists. Other Issues for Human Factors and Profiling Research and Development Due to security and proprietary concerns, profiling systems in place today are shrouded in screen.The technical aspects of their development and quantitative measures of their performance are difficult to obtain, although the widespread use at airports across the world attest to airline confidence in profiling Given industry acceptance of profiling technology, the unregulated environment in which profiling systems were developed, and the potential enhanced capabilities and future needs, there is a JOBelq Director, Comorate s, COntinenM fies, rson commtication, od. 15, 1990 and Glen W- Director, XtitiOI. Ud Security, United Airlines, personal communication, Oct. 6, 1990. 31c)P. cit. , footnote 27. qzfiid. Chapter 5-Human Factors in Aviation Security q 87 role for a concerted Federal (DOT) effort in profiling R. The primary research fields of interest are in the behavioral sciences and in large database collection and analysis. A useful but neglected approach would be to investigate the role of cultural differences in establishing profiles. Since patterns of behavior considered anomalous in one culture are normal in others, understanding cultural effects better could lead to more effective and, possibly, less discriminatory use of profiles. 3 Relevant behavioral research with applications for profiling is being conducted by a number of Federal agencies, although they generally do not coordinate these research efforts. There is a need to coordinate research and experience in developing terrorist profiles among concerned agencies. Also, some work is going on to establish databases of past incidents and known terrorists in order to help develop profiles. The FAA conducts a modest profiling research effort that produced the CPSP and is analyzing profiling field tests.However, this effort is housed in the in aviation security. It has worked wit h in-house experts, with other agencies, and with behavioral scientists under contract. There should be steps taken to guarantee that this institutional knowledge is not lost, due to needed secrecy or personnel turnover. There should also be an effort to bring together knowledge on profiling from the Intelligence Community, from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, from the immigration and Naturalization Service, and from the FAA, so that all agencies may profitably pool their knowledge.One way of helping assure such interagency communication would be the institution of annual interagency conferences on the topic (see ch. 3). Profiling techniques and related technologies are being added to current security R plans at the FAA Technical Center. The operational aspects of using automated profiling systems, such as data entry and human/computer interaction, are similar to those of many other technologies, and could benefit from further research and development. intelligence section und er the Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security with no direct link to FAAs R division.Historically, the FAA pioneered the use of profiles in aviation in the late 1960s and early 1970s during the upsurge of hijackings to Cuba. A team of experts under the leadership of the FAA Office of Aviation Medicine was involved in the development of the sign profiles. Limited use of profiles was made during the early 1970s and again in 1980, when immigrants from the Mariel Boatlift began hijacking aircraft to Cuba. Profiles were employed on a limited basis to help stem the wave of hijackings to Cuba by some Marielitos. In the 1970s, the FAA also developed a profile for domestic use to identify persons who might be carrying explosives or rabble-rousing devices in checked baggage. This checked bag profile included several objective elements and was intended for use by airline personnel at ticket counters. This profile was never applied rigorously, although some of its elements were a utomated by at least one U. S. air carrier. Thus, the FAA has had substantial experience with developing and implementing profiles for useA near-term research need is how best to combine profiling systems with the new security technologies now in the pipeline. In fact, arguments have been made that the TNA device can only function effectively when combined with profilebased selection of baggage to inspect, since false alarm rates are high. This is, in fact, being done at the Gatwick tests. Presently, the profiling process results in binary decisionslet the passenger pass into the normal security process (more than 95 percent of passengers) or conduct a manual search of the passenger and his baggage. One possibility would e to expand and refine the decision outcome from profiling to provide multiple screening paths for passengers depending on the level of threat and the availability of advanced detection equipment (see ch. 4). A longer term research option is to investigate new tech nologies to enhance profiling. Rapid access in the field to Federal, international, and, possibly, private databases (i. e. , hotel, belief card) could greatly enhance capabilities. Remote sensing of respiration and heart rates and other biological parameters, combined with large population databases, automated facial-recognition systems, andSsCustom offici& in the northerly Islands, a U. S. -flag territory, incorporate cultural characteristics in looking for anomalies for profding. a 88 q Technology Against Terrorism Structuring Security biometric passports, all offer new possibilities for on-the-spot psychological and physiological assessments. From past experience, cultural factors particular to the country where the event is taking place frequently influence decisionmaking by local authorities. Some observers report that U. S. fficials who were involved would, on occasion, have benefited by a more detailed knowledge of the dynamics of local social systems. For example, in some cases, although crisis management officials were supposed to be in charge of handling an incident, local cultural or political factors have resulted in the crisis being directed instead by senior office holders, who are untrained for the purpose and unable to provide the rapid decisionmaking that is often required. Some research into systematizing knowledge of relevant aspects of different social systems would be useful.In this area, as in profiling, the construction of appropriate databases would be of use to U. S. officials who may be called on to participate in resolving a crisis. At present, there appears to be little coordination among agencies in understanding behavioral aspects of incident management. This lack provides another argument for strengthening interagency coordination in counterterrorism (see ch. 3). Civil Liberties Security systems in general, and profiling methods in particular, trade certain freedoms (e. g. privacy) for safety. profiling methods, based on speci fic individual characteristics, may be derived from historical experience (e. g. , the large number of Cuban refugees who hijacked aircraft to Cuba in the early 1970s or the examples of hijacking engaged in by members of various Middle Eastern terrorist groups). These characteristics sometimes include physical and cultural features, since these traits are the easiest indicators to verify. Often such subjects belong to readily distinguishable minority groups.Therefore, people who possess the characteristics in question but who have no ill intentions (obviously, the great majority) could be subjected to scrutiny that could be considered to encroach on individual freedoms. This study describes measures to meet compelling public safety interests. It is, however, beyond the scope of this study to discuss the many legal and societal civil liberties issues involved (e. g. , how much intrusiveness on privacy is countenanced by a compelling interest of the state? ).It is certain that the tec hnical ability to investigate and record personal histories and characteristics and the demand for the use of such ability will greatly expand, thereby increasing the potential for convergence the fine line protecting constitutionally guaranteed individual liberties. Legislative attention will have to address the tradeoff between public safety and eudaemonia and civil liberties. Policy Options The following policy options address human factors and aviation security. 1. Enhance FAA attention to human factors in security 34 qExplicitly address aviation security in agencywide human-factors planning. The FAA has taken measures to move in this direction. Bolster human-factors expertise under the Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security and the Aviation Security Research and Development Service at the FAA Technical Center by adding professionals to their respective staffs, especially in light of plans to increase staff levels of both sections significantly during the next few years. One such professional has already been added. Incident Management Human factors also play a role in managing incidents abroad.When U. S. citizens are held hostage in a foreign country, the United States often plays a role in resolving the incident. Some foreign security officials are trained in the United States under assistance programs. But the United States also may participate actively, as it did in responding to a number of airline hijackings in the 1980s. q e follo r=omenhtiom included in earlier drafts of this repofi has already been implemented by tie FAA q Add a designee of the Assistant Administrator for Civil Aviation Security to the FAAs Human Factors Coordinating Committee.Chapter 5-Human Factors in Aviation Security q 89 2. Consider conducting R on combining passenger profiling techniques with other security technologies. 3. Give consideration to methods for leveling the playing field when imposing requirements on U. S. carriers but not on competing foreign ones . 4. Give consideration to civil liberties issues 5. stemming from Federal aviation security requirements. Coordinate behavioral research into profiling and incident management being conducted in the Federal Government. Arrange periodic interagency conferences on related topics.