Historical Development of the Early Childcare Essay Example for Free

Historical Development of the archaeozoic squirtc atomic number 18 Essaya) History and current status of chela c atomic number 18 provision in IrelandDuring the early Twentieth one C in Ireland thither was a lack of job opportunities for women in the bendforce. Women were still seen largely seen as the stay at home figure. Due to this environmental impact, pincerren were cared for in their own homes mainly by their m other(a)s. Therefore there was less of a supplicate in the be prison terms Childcare statement domain. This ended when tykeren started attention Primary school. During the latter part of the Twentieth century, during the beats of the Celtic Tiger, the number of job opportunities for women in the workforce escalated. This resulted in an increase in urbanisation and a decrease in family support. For example Families lived advertise apart from each other, and as a result, it did not make sense to leave the minorren with their grandmother or other family members due to financial restrictions such(prenominal)(prenominal) as the price of fuel, or time restrictions such as the aloofness of time taken to leave the baberen from one termination to the other.This lead to upgrades seeking the shaverminding operate privately or within their local area. Statistics have shown that approximately 60% of kidren on a overturn floor(a) six days of age go to a go of clawcare service at this time. (Class Notes) There was a substantial increase in the demand for both private and union childcare work. In response to the rapidly increasing demand for childcare service, it was deemed necessary that an Expert Working mathematical group on Childcare was directed. The Expert Working Group came together and arranged a meeting to discuss ways to resolve the upcoming problems within the childcare service firmament. They held discussions on how to make childcare services more readily available and accessible to families in Ireland. It was rec ognized at this point, that there was a want to develop a National Strategy to aid them with the transformation of the current childcare services sector.Thus, a National Strategy was developed and was published in 1999. The National strategy recognized and contained the following principles The unavoidably and the repairs of the child, E character reference of access and participation, Diversity, Partnership and Quality (Class Notes Page 2) It similarly contained suggestions and advice on support for parents/guardians, Laws relating childcare, Qualifications, Employment, Planning and Co-ordination. In 2002, the Centre for former(a) childhood development and raising was established. This centre was set up to develop standards and to improve the childcare sector. The Centre for early Childhood Development and program line aimed to ascertain that every childcare place (whether it was a Full-time / Part-time service or a Public / Private service) met the criteria and quality s tandards that that were established by the Centre. The main objective of the Centre for Early childhood development and Education was to focus on improving more disadvantaged areas as well as the more advantaged areas so as to ensure that all areas within the childcare sector offered the same quality of services In 2006, Siolta was launched. Siolta was set up to implement the first aim of the Centre for Early Childhood Development and Education which was to develop the current standards within the childcare sector.This was called The National Quality Framework for Early Education. This ensured that there was support in improving quality across all childcare services which contained children from 0-6 divisions of age. Further to this, in 2009, a new intrigue was introduced within the Childcare sector. The Early ChildcareEducation fascinate Free pre-school place was formed. The free pre-school place enabled children within the age range of 3 years and 3 months and 4 years 6 months in September of the relevant year to engage in one free academic year within a full time or seasonal service. If a childcare service/ centre infallible to take part in the Early Childcare Education scheme, the criteria set divulge by Siolta had to be met and furthermore the Principles set by An Siolta would have to be implemented within their current childcare fit.It is important to recognize that this is the first time that Early childhood education has received any direct Universal funding. As a result of the free pre-school place initiative, the demand within the childcare sector continued to grow. (Siolta) More recent developments within the childcare sector include the introduction of a new initiative called Aistear, which was established by the surgical incision of Education and Skills by NCCA in 2010. Aistear from the Irish word meaning journey, is of relevant importance to childcare climbs where children from the ages of 0-6 years receive their care and education. Aist ear works tight alongside Siolta and consists of an informal com honker programme that contains twelve principles and themes that give guidance to the childcare worker. Aistear recognizes that education and care are not separate within the childcare sector and they aim to help children grow and develop in thinkently.(Aistear)b) Current range of childcare provision in IrelandSix types of services that can be categorised under sessional and fulltime services are Naonra A Naonra is a sessional service. It grooms and communicates with the playgroup through the medium of Irish, they recognise each child as individuals. The service doesnt be sick pressure on children to speak Irish, they still encourage and support children either way. As the children are surrounded in Irish they ordain gradually natural selection up and learn the language in their own time. The service is recognized by Forbairt Naonra. Parent and toddler groups This is a sessional service and is supported by Ear ly Childhood Ireland. Parents and their children/toddlers meet in one area, often held in one of the parent houses who are taking part in the service. It gives children the opportunity to draw one over the experience of interacting with others, therefore promoting and developing the childs social skills. It in like manner gives parents the opportunity to interact with otherparents, gaining support of each other. Montessori pre-schools The pre-school is usually privately run, it develops its curriculum around the methods of Dr Maria.The Montessori focuses mainly on the childs educational development, its curriculum is therefore more practical based, isnt fully focused on play. This follow out of purely practical based education may be scrutinised by certain individuals as it idea by some theorists that children should experience and develop through the experience of play at this young age. The pre-school functions on academic year and mainly cares for children from triad to s ix years of age. Home and community playgroups Home and community playgroups care for children within the age range of 2 and a half to five years of age, they operate in either a home or community basis. Home playgroups are generally privately funded where as community playgroups receive funding from the government, each service usually opens and runs for a period of one-third to four hours each day. The service advancedlights and develops childrens social and emotional learning through play.Crches, Nurseries and twenty-four hours care services These services are recognised as a fulltime service and cater for children from the age of approximately three months to five years of age. They are open at a minimum of 8 hours a day and usually provide a day-to-day curriculum. The services can be privately or publicly run, an increase in demand for these services greatly increased after the Free Pre-School Year was introduced. for each one service provides the children attending th e service with a hot meal and snacks during the duration of the day. Each service helps met the childs gum elastic, welfare and developmental unavoidably.They in addition help children make the best of their abilities, whether that be through play or practical learning. Family Day Care Children are looked after in the childminders home. There is no specific age group that Family Day Care caters for, they can cater for all divergent age groups at once in the same facility. The hours that the carer caters for the children is arranged in the midst of the childs parent and the carer. The children become easily settled in this form of day care as they are only interacting and building a relationship with one adult with the service. The children are provided with snacks and possibly hot meals, depending on the length of time the child is attending the service. The service is supported and recognised by Childminding Ireland.c) Current range of roles in childcare support fundamental laws and agencies Health assistance decision maker (HSE) is the first service contacted when there is a serious concern involving a child safety or family issue , the Health Service executive director wherefore has the business of bringing services and agencies together to help resolve the concerned liaison. The Health Service Executive provides services that helps protect and support children, parents/guardians and families. There are many roles within the Health Service Executive, they include Family support worker The Family support worker offers support and supplies services to familys going through emotionally distressing multiplication. The Family have got role player tries to keep families remained together unless there is a family member deemed at serious risk if kept together. Some of the services that The Family Support Worker will supply to the family to establish help resolve the issues are, Parenting Skills, Confidence and Personal Development, Home Care man agement, Diet, Nutrition and Health Care, Budgeting and family Finance. (Class notes rascal 4) club Childcare Worker The Community Childcare Worker works alongside professionals to give support to children who are in disadvantaged families, deemed at risk, deprived or in care. The Community Childcare Worker also helps children deal with or come to an understanding of why they are in that care home. Social Worker works with problematic families and individuals, The Social Worker helps resolve problems in families whether that is emotional, behavioural or social problems.Social Workers also deal with problems such as child abuse, domestic violence, and adoption. Before removing children from their home and separating families social worker s have to prove that they have gave families every option possible, if the family /parents does not comply with any of the options, the matter continues to rise and the child/children are still recognised at risk then the case is taken to court a nd assessed by a Judge whether the child/children should be removed from the family home, thus action is seen as a last resort.Barnardos Barnardos is Irelands biggest childrens charity. It is focused on working with children and families on, whether that be group work or one-on-one interaction. Barnardos help children make the best of their abilities when going through difficult situations, such as neglect, abuse,or poverty. They provide a range of services to help families through distressing times i.e focusing, and bereavement help lines. Barnardos also protest against Government laws that affect children and their way of living e.g. child put on cuts.d) Six National Childcare disposalsBarnardos Barnardos is Irelands biggest childrens charity, it is mainly focused on working with children and families. Barnardos provide a range of services to help economic aid and support families through distressing times, they also help children make the best of their abilities whilst goin g through or have gone through difficult times e.g. neglect. Childminding Ireland- is a registered Charity and was created in 1986. It was created by a small group of childminders that further grew into a bigger organisation. The organisation parents home-based childcare. Forbairt Naonra Teoranta is a voluntary organisation which supports education and care for children from birth who are brought up in Irish. St.Nicholas Montessori Society of Ireland Provide opportunities for Montessori teachers to further their profession.They also offer help, support and give guidance for Montessori teachers. The Irish Society for the prevention of Childrens Cruelty Provide a 24hour support service for children who are going through a difficult situations. States that id high quality childcare service wants to keep their service high quality, then the service must ensure that there is good child protection within the facility. The organisation also recognises children are individuals and there fore the childs honest s and values should be supported. Border Counties Childcare Network Is a network that services in counties such as Monaghan, Meath, Louth, Cavan, Donegal, Sligo and Leitrim in helping deliver a childhood service of high quality.LO4 Clear explanation the rights of the child in the circumstance of an ECCE setting.A) Examine the UN convention on the Rights of the Child.The UN convention on the Rights of the Child has 54 articles. Thesefifty-four articles are a written list of the different types of the childs rights, if those rights are intentionally broken it is seen as breaking the law. The UN convention on the Rights of the child can be broken into four broad areas, these four areas are Survival, Development, Protection and Participation. Survival The child has a right to life and the right to the basic requirements to survive life e.g. food, water, shelter, clothing, medical aid.Development The child has a right to education, religion, play, develop the identification of right and wrong and leisure. The child also has the right to be provided with a safe environment to develop these skills and knowledge. Protection The child has the right to be protected against abuse and neglect. If a child has come in interference with and suffered from abuse then the child has the right to some form of counselling to come to an understanding and overcome the traumatic situation. Participation The child has the right to join organisations e.g. clubs, groups, freedom of expression and speech.Standard 1 Right of the child.Ensuring that each childs rights are met, requires that she/he is enabled to exercise weft and to use initiative as an spry participant and partner in her/his own development and learning. (Siolta page 13)Component 1.1 Choice for the childPractitioners could put component 1.1 into practice at meal time. By giving the child the options at meal time, this could be achieved by giving the child the choice of two different meals therefore enabling the child to make its own choices. If a child decides they do not want to eat at meal time the practitioner should respect the childs decision. By having different utensils available at meal time e.g. chopsticks, this provides choice for the child. The child can then make the choice on what they want to eat there meal with.Component 1.2 Use initiativeA practitioners could put component 1.2 into practice with a child from twelve thirty-six months by providing the opportunity of letting the child out on its coat independently, enabling the child to zip or buttonthe coat. The practitioner should talk the child through the process, encourage the child as she/he is trying to overcome and accomplish the working class and support the child if he/she comes into difficulty.Component 1.3 active participantsA practitioner could put component 1.3 into practice with a child from birth to eighteen months by viably communicating. While/when the practitioner is changing the c hilds nappy he/she could viably communicate to the child and make eye contact whilst changing its nappy. The practitioner could also sing nursery rhymes and act out movements to the child e.g. three little pigs, touching the childs toes whilst singing the rhyme. This makes the child feel comfortable and an active participant throughout the activity.LO2 Detained description of the facultys and experience needed for work associated with one occupation in the ECCE sector.a) Outline legislations, policies, practices and procedures pertaining to ECCE provision.Childcare flake 1991Provides asset of rules relating to children/young adults under the age of eighteen in Ireland, it governs the care and protection of children in Ireland. (Classnotes) Due to this legislation the Health Service Executive has a mandatory duty to promote and protect the well be of all children under this act. Children who are being abused or at risk, this Act allows those children to be removed or be place unde r the care of the Health Service Executive. In relation to preschool services the Act is consulted with when rules and regulations are being drawn up for the supervision of children of pre-school services.Under the Act the pre-school carers have a obligation and duty to implement safety and wellbeing of children under their pre-school setting. If the pre-school carer has concern for a childs safety health it is their responsibility to notify the Health Service Executive. If a new pre-school setting is being set up or is intending to set up the local Health Service Executive must be notified. The Health Service Executive then has a duty to inspect the pre-school setting toensure the health and safety standards of the setting are being met. The rules and regulations drawn up from the Act must be strictly followed by the practitioners. Childcare (preschool services) Regulations 2006The regulation outlines the standards that a preschool setting of any form must put/have in place before it can commence e.g. all forms of health, safety and welfare of the setting must be put in place to ensure full safety of the child is being met. It is the Health Service Executives duty for inspecting and giving a written report of information on pre-schools of any sort or kind who care for children from the age of zero-six years of age. The regulation is arranged in six parts thirty-three regulations and can be broadly covered over the following areas Health, welfare and development of the childNotification and inspection by the Health Service Executive Record keepingStandard of premises and facilitiesGeneral administration (class notes)Policies and procedures must be drawn up and developed from these points.Children First 1999Children First was first do available in the year 1999 but was later replaced with Children First National Guidance for the Protection and Welfare of Children 2011. The general rule of the document was left unvarying but acknowledges past inspections a nd reports and feedback, due to this the document had been edited to set out distinctive guidelines that individual roles should take is concerned for a childs health, safety and welfare. Children First National Guidance for the Protection and Welfare of Children 2011 main aims are to ensure childrens health safety and welfare are being invariably met.That society are aware that they should not assume but should report any concerns regarding a childs health and safety and realise that it is their responsibility to put this action into place. The legislation provides advise/support for parents/guardians in regards to their role as a parent/carer. Inspections made by the division of Education and scholarship will take place through-out schools of all sorts toreinforce and ensure that the new legislation is being enforced.SioltaSiolta is made up of twelve principals, sixteen standard and cardinal components. The twelve principals provide the base of the frame work. Without the prin cipals the components wouldnt be able to be put in place. The principals give direction for childcare workers on how they should slobber out their work in an Early Childhood Care and Education environment, how to interact and communicate with children and fillies, how subjects should be taught and how the services that the childcare worker works in should be organised. The twelve principles contain Equality is a necessary aspect to have in a childcare setting, it is inwrought every child feels equal. Diversity- either childcare setting should recognise that each child comes from very different backgrounds. It is the childcares settings responsibility to confirm that they understand, respect and accommodate this with visual aids e.g. posters, dolls from different pagan backgrounds, chopsticks in the home area ect.Environment- The physical layout of the setting should be organised to meet, encourage and develop the childs abilities so the child can take a shit their full potenti al. Welfare- The childs health, safety and welfare is essential and should be met as much as it possibly can be e.g. if a child has chicken pocks, that child should be removed to a room where no other children are present the childs parents should be contacted and the child shouldnt return until it has cleared to prevent it infecting other children. The role of the adult- The adult working in the setting has a responsibility to make sure the child is making the most of their experience and are reaching full potential while in that adults company. Teamwork-Good communication and respect should be shown and practised in settings between the various workers in the setting.If there isnt respect among workers, there wont be good teamwork skills therefore the children present in that company will pick up on the negative energy and put what they have picked up on into practice. Pedagogy- The study and theory of the methods and principals of teaching should be put in place in early childhoo d care and education through holistic play, as this is the most appropriate method of learning for children of that age range. Play-Should be promoted, as it is an essential part in a childs developmentwhether that be physical or theory learning. Sioltas sixteen standards are essential and necessary in services as it give guidance for workers within the service, IT gives guidance on how to act, provide and develop services with the setting.The standards contain various elements such as the various elements such as the childs rights to the legislation and regulation. Its from the sanders that the 75 components are made up. The components help meet the standard. Without the sixteen standards and seventy-five components the knowledge of the twelve principals wouldnt be able to be put in place as effectively. Siolta was created to improve the way childcare is taught, organised, carried out and viewed in the Early Childhood Care and Education settings who cater for children from the age range of birth to six years of age. It defines, assess and supports these improvements. Early Childhood Care and Education settings and services taking part in the free school year must implement Siolta, making more demand for the service. (siolta)AistearAistear, was established by the Department of Education and Skills through NCCA in 2010. Aistear from the Irish word meaning journey, is of relevant importance to childcare settings where children from the ages of 0-6 years receive their care and education. Aistear works virtually alongside Siolta and consists of an informal curriculum that contains twelve principles and themes that give guidance to the childcare worker. Aistear recognizes that education and care are not separate within the childcare sector and they aim to help children grow and develop independently. (Aistear)The managerThe manager is required to have a minimum take aim 7/8 qualification in childcare, they have to manage the day-to-day routine of the preschool s etting, ensuring that the developmental needs, safety and wellbeing of each individual child are being met. The manager may also be required to work unsocial hours and must attend to relevant meetings. The manager also has the responsibility to ensure the child protection indemnity is being implemented within the setting, recording and concerns and also ensuring high sanders of safety are being maintained at all times. (Class notes)The Childcare colleagueThe Childcare assistant is required to have a minimum of a level 5 qualification in childcare and previous experience is required. They assist in the day-to-day organisation and preparation of the childcare setting. The Childcare assistant must maintain all personal information of the individual children as confidential and at times have to work unsocial hours. The assistant must ensure the children within their care are receiving high standards of care, safety and wellbeing whilst also ensuring the developmental need of the child ren are being met accurately. The Childcare auxiliary will have to at times participate in fundraising activities, special events and outings. They must strictly follow the Child Protection policy and report any concerns. (class notes)The Playgroup LeaderThe Playgroup Leader is required to have a minimum of a level 5 qualification in childcare and previous experience in childcare is required. The Playgroup Leader is required to manage the day-to-day routine of the playgroup. The playgroup leader has the responsibility to ensure the safety, wellbeing and developmental needs of the children are being continually being met. They must keep all personal information regarding the children within the service, childrens family and staff strictly confidential. moldiness strictly follow and promote the Child Protection Policy, ensuring high standers of hygiene and quality are being promoted within the setting. Organise regular meetings with parents throughout the year. mustiness regularly c arry out appraisal on the staffs performance, make sure all staff and volunteers have guard vetting. Must try to obtain good staff more and show respect to other staff members.Special Needs AssistantA Special Needs Assistant must have a minimum level5 qualification in childcare. Must ensure that all personal information regarding children or staff they work with rest confidently then it should be reported. Must strictly follow the Child Protection Act and make sure the developmental needs of the child are being met. The assists are recruited to help assistand support children with special needs or difficult behaviour problems in schools. The assistants engage regularly with the parents of the special needs child, they also participate in fundraising activities, special events and outings to further help the child or children with special needs.Montessori teacherMust have a minimum level5 qualification in childcare. Must strictly follow the Child Protection Act and make sure the dev elopmental needs of the child are being met, ensuring high standards of hygiene and quality are being promoted within the setting. A Montessori has the responsibly to provide opportunities for children so they can figure out how to do something for themselves. Must check children within the setting and comment on their development. They provide challenging tasks for the children, so they make the best of their abilities. Organise meetings with the parents throughout the year.Detailed description of the qualifications and experience needed for work associated with on occupation in the ECCE sector.One occupation in the Early Child Care and Education sector I have chose to further evaluate on is the pre-school manager. The pre-school manager has many roles and responsibilities such as Being strictly confidential within and outside the Early Childhood Care and Education setting in relaxation to keeping personal information about the children, their family and also the staff. Ensuring w hen planned activities are taking place that each individual childs developmental needs are being met. Making sure that every area and all facilities of the Early Childhood Care and Education setting are being met to Sioltas standards. Has the role of preparing and creating curriculum plans for the staff to carry out in the Early Childhood Care and Education setting.Making sure that there is good staff morale, resolving any issues that arise promptly and effectively Making sure that there the Child Protection policy is being promoted and that the policy is being firmly stuck to. If any concerns are arisen then the manager must document and record this. Organise meetings with parents throughout the year to inform them and discuss such things as the childs progression and alsoadhering to any concerns raised by the parents. It is also a role and responsibility of the manager to prepare and organise special event and outings for the children attending the Early Childhood Care and Educat ion setting. ( class notes)The preschool manager must have a minimum qualification of level of seven/eight in childcare.This qualification can be obtained in most ITs. The duration of study that it would take to obtain this would be approximately three to four years depending on the level of qualification. To then further become a pre-school manager the level of experience the individual would need to have would depend on the Early Childhood Care and Education setting. Generally the minimum experience needed by the individual would be approximately two four years. It would be appropriate that the individual had experience as a supervisor before becoming a pre-school manager.Employment and Career Opportunities in Childcare backing that is made available to state to childcare services, such as the Equal Opportunities Childcare Programme, the Early Childhood Care and Education Scheme / Free Pre-School year and Community Childcare Solovention scheme make the option of childcare service s more appealing and therefore increase the demand for childcare services. As a result of the increased demand for childcare services, the demand for employ opportunities also increases.The Early Childhood care and Education Scheme / Free Pre-school year (FPSY) was introduced in 2009. The scheme recognized the importance of qualifications within the childcare sector and as a result it introduced a minimum qualifications standard for pre-school leaders. An important feature of the scheme is that it offers more funding for better qualified staff and because of this feature it can increase or decrease an individuals employment opportunities e.g. if an individual utilise for a particular position in which the state requires the potential employee to hold a direct 7 qualification, and the candidate did not hold a train 7 qualification,that candidate will most likely not get the position as a result as their employment would not make headway the pre-school.The Community Childcare Subv ention Scheme is a support scheme that was set up to aid and support non-profit childcare services/centres. This scheme does not support profit childcare services. The schemes main focus is to help the non-profit childcare services. This scheme allows non-profit childcare services to provide their services at a lower rate, which enables children with disadvantaged parents the opportunity to attend childcare services.Each Community based service that takes part in the Community Childcare scheme, has the responsibility to make a guideline available of the different rates for each type of service that they offer to parents. There are four types of fee rates available and the parent/guardian will be offered the rate depending on what price band or category they fall into based on their individual financial situation. This scheme enables more access to all types of parents and therefore increases the demand for childcare services and effectively increases employment opportunities.Special Needs Assistant Due to the downturn in the Irish Economy, there have been substantial cuts in Special Needs Assistants. It has been revealed that approximately 1200 Special needs assistant positions will be cut in the near future. (Class notes) If this happens, there will be a sharp decrease in the amount of employment opportunities available within the childcare sector. It is also thought that as a result of the cuts, individuals that currently hold a Level 7/8 qualification may not be willing to guard for job opportunities that become available due to the poor pay conditions and low status of the childcare positions.Progression of qualifications within the childcare sector e.g. achieving a Level 5 and progressing to a Level 6, Level 7 and Level 8 qualification is becoming more important to childcare workers to help them increase their employment opportunities. The better the qualification that a childcare worker obtains means they have a higher chance of securing employment wit hin the childcare sector. E.g. If an advertisement is published in a newspaper for a childcare position, and an individual that holds a Level 5 applieswhile also an individual what holds a Level 8 qualification also applies, the individual with the higher qualification i.e. the Level 8 qualification, will have a higher chance of getting the position.After obtaining a Level 8 qualification i.e. A Degree in childcare, which is generally obtained over a three year period, there is a career opportunity to continue to study towards a Primary school teaching qualification. A further two years of study in Teacher training is also required before obtaining a qualification as a Primary school teacher.After achieving a minimum of a Level 7/8 qualification, there is also the opportunity to become a manager within a childcare setting. An individual seeking to further their career or who wishes to act a career in management would also need sufficient experience within the early childcare and ed ucation setting to secure a higher position. This career opportunity can only become available for the individual if they have obtained a Level 7/8 qualification.

HR management Essay Example for Free

HR management EssayHR management forms a valuable and effective administration concerned generally with workings category. It evaluates the steps to be implemented to catch up with the working category into further industrious, satisfied and happy. As an integral fraction of society of human pick management policies, the team have supported that the strategies need to encourage the companies to provide pioneering and flexible plans that are highly benefit. The work-life policies laid forward by the SHRM proved to be highly beneficial to employees.However, there are several human resource factors, which influence an placement to adopt the work-life plans as a vital division of SHRM practices and plans. mass of the factors that stressed upon work life policies incorporates the demographic variation occurring with the prospective workforce, variation in social characteristics, role and responsibility changes in organizations and other governmental factors. Women make an essen tial part of almost all types of organization in the most modern era.Most of the working class woman wishes to conjointly take the responsibilities of their family as well as the employment terms. This was considered as an apparent factor that resulted in the emergence of family friendly plans. This plan was further termed as work life policies and rapidly gained importance in the area of SHRM. The next vital factor associated with demographic variation forms the ageing employees that raised the value of the work life policies. As per the plan, the gray workgroup may remain in the organization.However, they only need to work for very few hours or may change their shift timings as per their comfort. Most of the working people hold the responsibilities for bringing up their kids and take equal responsibilities for their aged parents. The plan allows even the aged people to support their children with their responsibilities. With the advance of modern technology, the project market gets tightens and requires more and more skilled laborers. The organization needs to implement the work life policies to influence and regain employers who might have left the organization previously due to some or other cause.As per a study conducted by IRS, the most important motive behind the management to set off the work life plan is strongly associated with recruitment of staffs as well as retention. As majority of prevailing organizations work on a 24 hour per day basis, increasing the working hours. However, there is strong requirement of flexible plans to cover these elaborated hours with efficiency. Surveys shows that adaptation of faster work pace has lead to organizational stress and most of the workers experience severe problems such as anxiety, stress, workload and inadequate personal time.These variations make the organizations to breach the government induced rules. Evaluating with consider to a legal outlook, all the working categories have a role on self care an d protection and work life policies influence this special(prenominal) concept. With the policies of work life, every employee may endorse a healthy and happy job environment and understand more about their social errands as a working personality. Thus, the policies offer high benefits to the employees as well as appropriate guidance with proper management to the employers.

Reviewing Waiting Time and Customer Satisfaction in a Service Process

Reviewing Waiting Time and node Satisfaction in a Service ProcessPurpose The purpose of this paper is to present a literature review that highlights major findings from empirical research examining the impact of era lag judgment of conviction on node delight within various proceeds settings.Design/Methodology/Approach The paper examines the results of past studies that have manipulated specific serve up settings (layout, fillers, surroundings, resources) and attempts to observe variables that cause less dis merriment in a religious returns function.Findings A large make sense of studies reveal veto influence of time lag condemnation on node happiness. Future research proposals seek to identify the class of gaiety in a swear out delivery process.Originality/Value The review highlights a range of implications careworn from the studies that will be of pass judgment to serving organization managers who face high node dis joy and low repeat customers.Keywords Service delivery process, guest service quality, client mirth, Waiting termPaper type Literature reviewIntroductionThe performance of a service delivery system is inversely proportional to the degree of customers contact (Chase, 1982). The to a greater extent the customer close to the service system, the longer the customer waiting meters in the service delivery system. This cost of longer waiting cadences in the system can be attri entirelyed to (i) the customer walking away from the system and join somewhere else(ii) the customers decision non to come prat again in the future and(iii) the customer passing negative experiences to near and dear ones like family and friends. Many studies emphasize the relationship between customer satisfaction in a service process and their loyalty (Anderson, 1994 Dick and Basu, 1994 Fornell et al., 1996 Selness, 2001 Mittal and Kamakura, 2001 Olsen, 2002). The cost of these behaviors by the customer is very difficult to calculate but definite ly the sales will go down with each unhappy customer as the cost of retaining a satisfied customer is less than a newly acquired customer (Reichheld, 1996).According to Lovelock and Gummesson (2004) time plays the central economic consumption in most of the services processes and they recommend giving more attention to improving the customers understanding of how they perceive, budget, consume and value time. Many studies focus on the relationship between waiting time and customer satisfaction in a service process (Hui and Tse, 1996 Pruyn and Smidts, 1998).Thus the customers satisfaction can be regarded as the bridge between operational performance of the service firm and attendant impact on the behavior of the customer towards the service firm. In this study we are trying to understand the factors responsible for dissatisfy customer in a service environment and how it can be minimize through proper and timely allocation of resources in the service process system.Literature Revi ewWaiting TimeTime has commonly been regarded as a significant component of the total cost of a transaction, making customers aware that their time is most valuable (Anderson and Shugan, 1991 Jacoby et al., 1976 Kellaris and Kent, 1992). Past research has suggested various dimensions of time that hold pace, urgency, sequencing, separation, scheduling, duration, punctuality, flexibility, linearity, synchronization and present and future time perspectives (Ballard and Seibold, 2004 Owen, 1991 Moore, 1963, Lauer, 1981).The waiting time problem has become an important part of service providers priorities as todays customers are becoming intolerance to waiting time in a service process. Further, consumers do not rate service quality solely on the outcome of service, but they evaluate it on the basis of service delivery process and time is the most important factor for evaluating customer satisfaction in a service process (Davis and Vollmann, 1990 Friedman and Friedman, 1997). Addition ally waiting tine is the deciding factor for service evaluations for many consumers as they value time more than ever. It is also important to notice in which peg the customer is feeling dissatisfaction in a service encounter. According to Dube-Rioux et al. (1989), the service encounter has three phases pre- process, in- process and post- process. Research has shown that there is causal effect of service horizontal surface, as mentioned by Dube-Rioux (1989), and service delays on consumers reaction to waiting (Hui et al., 1998 Dube et al., 1991 Dube-Rioux et al., 1989). Dube-Rioux et al. (1989) argue that service delays were less unpleasant than service entry or service passing game waits as Hansen and Danaher (1999) showed that service exit exerts a significant effect on consumers perception of service quality and post purchase behavior.Waiting is considered a negative experience from both the economic as well as psychological perspective. Further waiting time is often used as a transform for cost. The waiting time is an important component of customers overall evaluation of the service (Peritz, 1993). in any cheek the amount of time they spend while checkout from a salt away influences the overall satisfaction level of the customer (Katz, Larsen, Blaire and Larsen, 1991). Further, research has shown that long waits have a negative effect on customer satisfaction (Chebat and Filiatrault, 1993).Waiting time is often regarded as a waste of time (Leclerc, Schmitt and Dube, 1995 Schwartz, 1975 Rafaeli, 1989 Hui and Tse, 1996 Sheu et al., 2003) and has been described as frustrating boring and irritating (Hui and Tse, 1996 Katz et al., 1991). According to McDonnell (2007), anger and frustration are more likely to happen at bank branches and financial institutions than many other service contact points. Further, research has shown that many consumers dislike waiting in a queue which results in a negative service quality evaluation (Krentler, 1988 Kumar et al ., 1997 Houston et al., 1998 Ho and Zheng, 2004).The consumers waiting experience has the direct influence on the perception of service quality (Soloman, Bamossy and Askeggard, 1999). For, wait is considered as a wait prior to being served. Apart from income and price, time is considered as a constraint in consumer purchasing option (Becker, 1965 Umesh et al., 1989).Many researchers have tried to solve waiting time by providing various strategies like waiting time fillers such as increase of prior line employees, video display, news updates or waiting time guarantees (Kumar, Kalwani and Dada, 1997), but failed to eliminate the waiting time dissatisfaction completely. Music can play an important role in reducing dissatisfaction levels for consumers waiting in line (Steve and Oakes, 2008).A waiting time has four dimensions Objective, subjective, cognitive and effectiveDavis and Vollman, 1990Katz et al., 1991 Taylor, 1994) advocate that objective waiting time is the elapsed time as m easured by a stop watch by the customer before being served.The subjective waiting time is the perceived waiting time by the customer (Hui and Tse, 1996 Pruyn and Smidts, 1998).The cognitive waiting time is the customers evaluation of the wait as short versus long (Pruyn and Smidts, 1998), being (or not being) acceptable, springable and tolerable (Durrande- Mpreau, 1999).The affective aspect of the waiting time is the emotional response to waiting like irritation, boredom, frustration, pleasure, stress, happiness etc (Taylor, 1994 Hui and Tse, 1996 Pruyn and Smidts, 1998).However the perceived waiting time is different from objective waiting time (Barnett and Saponaro, 1985 Hirsch, Bilger and Heatherage, 1950 Hornik, 1984).The effect of waiting time on customers perceptions of customer satisfaction relates positively to the wait to the customer and moderated by the reason for the wait (Nicole and Tony, 2006). Also the perception of waiting time is affected by anxiety level and queu e length (Hornik, 1984 Maister, 1984).The wait dissatisfaction in a service process can be lowered if the overall service meets the customers expectations. Customers are willing to wait if they anticipate benefits through the consumption of a service (Zeithaml et al., 1993).Customer SatisfactionCustomer satisfaction is of utmost importance to the service providers and scholars (Babin and Griffin, 1998 Oliver, 1999) in todays highly competitive business environment.Customer satisfaction is conceived to be part of an overall model of customer behavior (Bearden and Teele, 1983). One such model presented by Oliver (1980) is shown in the figure below (Figure 1).The Role of Satisfaction in a Customer Behavior ModelExpectationsPerformanceDisconfirmationsSATISFACTIONAttitudesIntentionsFuture BehaviorFigure 1Sasser et al. (1978) identify three different models by which customers evaluate overall satisfaction with a service. These areOne overpowering attributeA single attribute with threshold minimums for other attributesA weighted average of attributesAccording to the foreboding disconfirmation model, satisfaction/ dissatisfaction is a function of expectations and disconfirmations of the consumer (Oliver, 1980 Oliver and DeSabro, 1988). According to Davis and Heineke (1998), customers reaction to waiting in line can color his/her perception of the service delivery process. Further, customer satisfaction is affected not just by waiting time but also by the customers expectations or attribution or determination of the causes for the waiting(Bitner, 1990 Churchill and Suprenant, 1982 Folkes , 1984 Folkes, Koletsky and Graham, 1987 Maister, 1985 Oliver, 1980 Shostack, 1985 Taylor, 1994 Tom and Lucey, 1995 Tse and Wilton, 1988). Also in a service delays, the be in which a delay occurs within a service encounter affects customer evaluations of the service quality (Dube et al., 1989, Hui et al., 1998).The overestimating of waiting time by the consumers (Hornik, 1984 Katz, L arson and Larson, 1991) leads to more dissatisfaction as customers perception of waiting time increases, the satisfaction tends to decrease (Katz et al., 1991).Customer satisfaction is inversely related to waiting time (Davis and Maggard, 1990) that is the longer a customer waits, the less satisfied or more dissatisfied he/she becomes with the service process. In their study on two stage service process, they found that customer satisfaction is more affected by the initial wait of the customer prior to entering the service process, than it is by subsequent waits in the process. Their study was supported by Sasser, Olsen and Wyckoff (1978) and Maister (1985).Davis and Maggard (1990) suggest management to devote extra time and resources toward initial stage of the wait. This priority is necessary because a dissatisfied restaurant customer tells fifty other people about his/her dissatisfaction (Lyth and Johnson, 1998).Parasuraman et als (1985) study on relationship between waiting time and perceived service quality has been widely accepted by the research and industry communities. The gap between the perception and expectation for waiting experience determines the customer satisfaction with waiting (Maister, 1985).Davis and Vollman(1990) argue that in most of the service operations, customer expectations and satisfaction with respect to waiting time are dependent on many factors including The customers prior experience, the number of customers in the service facility, criticality of time to the customer and other distractions, intended or otherwise.According to Hornik (1984) consumers often inclined to overestimate time spent on waiting and the delay can influence affective reactions (Dube-Rioux et al., 1989 Hui and Tse, 1996 Taylor, 1994). Prior research suggests that crowding at the service process also affects the customers satisfaction (Eroglu et al., 2005 Michon et al., 2005). That means a perception of extremely un -crowded and extremely crowded environment s at the service area lead to lower customer satisfaction. This means the service managers should allocate human resources sagely when the crowd is low. Conversely, more number of service personals should be devoted when the crowd is very high.Taylor (1994) argues that customers anger and their evaluation of punctuality affect the overall performance of a service process. The customers satisfaction with wait is also influenced by customers perception of service providers social justice(Larson, 1987) that is whether the provider is adhering to first come first serve basis or not. Piyush et al. (1997) argue that the customer satisfaction in wait is also influenced by the waiting time guarantee provided by the service providers.Customer satisfaction in a retail setting has been linked to a number of important outcomes, including sales performance, customer retention and loyalty (Darian et al., 2001 Wong and Sohal, 2003 Gomez et al., 2004 Anselsson, 2006 Martenson, 2007). Apart from re tail, the customer satisfaction is a prerequisite for other customer service outcomes including customer retention and customer loyalty, sales/profitability and market share for many organizations (Hackl and Westlund, 2000 Reichheld, 1996) as losing a customer result in the cost associated with replacement of that customer (Reichheld and Sasser, 1990). According to Anderson et al. (1994) the customer satisfaction is positively related to the profit of the service provider. Additionally, the role of service satisfaction is believed to directly shape a customers long term relation with the service provider (Gronroos, 1984).The waiting time can be distracted with the help of tv sets, newspapers, magazines, wall posters etc as filled time appears to pass more quickly than empty time (McGrath and Kelly, 1986). This can be applied to sicken the waiting dissatisfaction but not to enhance the customer satisfaction as superior waiting experiences will, in turn, enhance customers overall sa tisfaction with the service provider.Information provided in slip-up of delay (Hui and Tse, 1996 Antonides et al., 2002) and the characteristics of waiting environment (Pruyn and Smidts, 1998) determine the customers waiting time satisfaction. According to Maister (1985) any information regarding delay can reduce the uncertainty of wait and reduce the overall stress level of the customer. As mentioned by Baker and Cameron (1996) the service environment influences the affective aspect of the waiting times. Also Pruyn and Smidts (1998) show that perceived attractiveness of the environment positively influences the affective response to the wait and service satisfaction in addition to the appraisal of the wait. But satisfaction with the information provided in case of delays influence waiting time satisfaction more than waiting environment satisfaction (Frederic and Nathalie, 2007). The customers waiting time can be influenced by making the service environment comfortable as possible (Baker and Cameron, 1996).Future directions for researchSince the current study focuses on the influence of waiting time on customer satisfaction at various stages of the service transformation process, the exact degree of satisfaction is unclear from the study. Davis and Maggard (1990) argue that in a two stage service process, stage one requires priority where customer waits before being served. Future research is required to assess the degree of priority in the various stages of service process.

Parental Substance Abuse And Safeguarding Children Social Work Essay

P bental nerve center Ab wasting disease And Safeguarding Children Social Work EssaySubstance corrupt causes tidy harm and is presently an vast global issue of public concern. It is a wide-ranging problem, damaging individuals, families and entire communities. In frequent, shopping center convolute is non only growing considerably indoors the United Kingdom, but to a fault worldwide. Simultaneously, the number of babyren involved in the vicious circle of do drugs taking and problem drinking by their conjures is also increasing. Although governments, form _or_ system of government makers and practitioners are recognizing the problem and taking steps towards tackling the effects of significance vitiate within families the issue in general seems far from being solved.Alcohol is legitimately available and easily advanceible throughout England. It is positively associated with socialising, relaxing and celebrating. Although problems linked to excessive alcohol consumption a re widespread and headspring established, it seems that alcohol twist is somehow more(prenominal) soci all(prenominal)y accepted and does not establish the same stigma as victimization drugs. Consequently, the issue of alcohol demoralize, especially in families with small fryren, a lot remains undiscovered, and the negative continue and effects of the excessive drinking doings of parents on children remain under-recognized and cast offed. Estimates by the Prime Ministers Strategy Unit (2004) are that amid 780,000 and 1,3 million children in England are (in)directly affected by an alcohol problem of at least one parent in different words 1 in 11 children live in a household where alcohol clapperclaw is present. season alcohol and the negative consequences associated with its uncontrolled use arrest been n earliest and well documented for centuries, the drug industry has only been developing and growing rapidly over the last few years. Concordant with the Advisory Coun cil on the demoralise of Drugs (2003) up to 300,000 children or 3% of all children under 16 currently belong to a family where one or two of their parents struggle with a sedate drug issue.Parental centre misuse is also not unheard of in social services caseloads with one quarter to one third of families know to social services as being involved with misusing drugs or alcohol (Cleaver et al., 1999 Kearney et al., 2003). M any(prenominal) of these children do at least temporarily not live with their hook parents.Putting these figures together, more than 10% of all children in England are exposed to suffer under the effects of their agnate drug or alcohol misuse and it is extremely liable(predicate) that these numbers will continue to grow over the following years. It seems also reasonable to believe that the official figures of affected children may be under-estimating the true scale of the problem as it is extremely difficult to calculate how many families have to cope with some form or the other of heart abuse (Templeton, 2006). First, not all drug and alcohol services take proper care to establish whether or not their clients are also parents and second, not all clients are willing to provide information about the existence of own children. Third, some institutions do not disclose figures, collect data by rights or tend to under-report and fourth, nobody knows how many mall misuser are not seeking treatment and, therefore do not appear on any official statistics (Keen et al., 2001 ACMD, 2003). Consequently, missing data and a clear underestimate of the total number of affected children by parental substance misuse seem obvious.Substance abuse can include negative physical (such as health risks and neglect), psychological (such as attachment disorders and depression) as well as social (such as poverty and crime) influences on both parents and their children (Kroll et al., 2000). Parental alcohol and drug abuse can affect childrens health and incr ease in the long term from as early as conception and very much into adulthood, leading to varying forms of strong, unfavourable and complex consequences (Turning Point, 2006). Additionally, all conceivable types of child maltreatment have repeatedly been associated and nice in various studies with parental substance abuse including negligence (as the just about common type of abuse), sexual, emotional and physical abuse (Cleaver et al., 1999 Alison, 2000 Forrester et al., 2006). The jar of alcohol and/or drugs may also significantly affect the parents capacity of adequate parenting (Alison, 2000). The negative impact of a dependency on the substance misuser himself can lead to helter-skelter lifestyles, complicating and preventing parents to support and care for their own children, meeting their basic brings and providing a safe and encouraging home environment (Keen et al., 2001 Home Office, 2008).With the knowledge that parental misuse of certain substances can have a ser iously negative impact on childrens physical, psychological and emotional health and development, it is essential that these children potentially at risk are identified as early as possible in order to ar direct for appropriate tribute and defense their welfare (Nottingham City, 2004). This is the responsibility of all professionals in different ranges of services they all must be able to identify and treat substance misuse related problems by adults, and also decoct on the problems of affected children (Keen and Alison, 2001). Therefore, increasingly more research is being done, policy initiatives started and family-supporting services and projects have developed rapidly (Templeton et al., 2006). Although considerable progress has been made in recognizing and tackling the problem of substance abuse and the issue has won much public awareness in the last years, sadly, the death of children through the flabbergasts of their parents recalls that the system passive fails to safeg uard children at risk.Professionals mettle a variety of ofttimes complex issues and struggle with grazeing unimpeded. The most common problems are a neglect of understanding, gaining access to the substance misuser and their children, resilience, dilemmas about reassurediality and information communion, inter-agency tensions, assessment, lack of training and the ability to concentre on both, adults and childrens ineluctably (Kroll and Taylor, 2000 Taylor and Kroll, 2004). Without a doubt, changes and new approaches are needed, and through joint assessment, better information sharing and inter-agency cooperation, the focus should be on effective intervention and treatment for the substance misuser as well as of the so far much invisible and neglected children (Kroll and Talyor, 2000 Head of Safeguarding Children, 2008).The first section of this essay describes effects and causes associated with parental substance abuse. It highlights the impact of drug and alcohol misuse on the foetus during pregnancy and later on the child from newborn to adulthood, as well as resilience and protective factors for affected children. Part two focuses on professionals their responsibilities regarding childrens safeguarding and the challenges they face when confronted with substance misuse. The third section covers the legal framework of safeguarding children and other related political measures. The fourth section examines the progress made so far by looking at different projects, interventions implemented and recent developments. In contrast, section five gives an insight into reality, pointing out some of the most obvious problems and recent incidents. It touches well discussed issues such as information sharing, inter-agency cooperation and training. The last section considers aims and goals, their implementation and suggests recommendations for a more effective strategy in the future.Throughout this article substance misuse/abuse refers to the use either dependant use or associated with adverse effects of prescribed (such as tranquilizers, sleeping pills, pain-killers, depressants) and illicit (such as opioids, cocaine, ecstasy, cannabis) drugs as well as alcohol (Newcastle Child Protection, 2002) with critical social, interpersonal, fiscal, physical and psychological negative effects for both the users and those around them (ACMD, 2003).78SUBSTANCE MISUSE AND EFFECTS ON PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDRENThere is reasonable basis in research to suggest that a child whose parent is misusing substances is at increased risk. Substance misuse can gather up a significant proportion of a parents date, money and energy, which will unavoidably reduce resources available to the child. Substance misuse may also put the child at an increased risk of neglect and emotional, physical or sexual abuse, either by the parent or because the child becomes more vulnerable to abuse by others (Lewis, 1997)Parental substance abuse does not necessarily mean that children are at risk of harm or in need or receive pitiful parenting in some cases they would not even be affected in a negative way (Newcastle Child Protection, 2002). However, only a few children will not have to hired hand with multiple, mounting and varying negative consequences and survive such a complex issue entirely unscathed. While a concrete pattern of effects can never be clearly determined due to the complexity of the issue, many of the children may be permanently affected in an adverse manner, either emotionally, physically, socially, intellectually or developmentally (ACPC, 2004). Problems include a variety of health and developmental issues, ineffective parenting, criminal activity, poverty, chaotic lifestyles and educational attainment, and have long been underestimated and an abandoned research field (Keen and Alison, 2001 HM Government, 2008).The Children Act (1989, s17 (10)) defines a child in need as unlikely to light upon or maintain, or to have the opportunity of achieving or maintaining, a reasonable standard of health or development without the provision for him of services by a local authority his health or development is likely to be significantly impaired, or further impaired, without the provision for him of such services or he is disabled. In this context harm means ill-treatment (sexual abuse and forms of ill-treatment which are not physical) or impairment of health (physical or mental health) or development (physical, intellectual, emotional, social or behavioural development) (The Children Act 1989, s31 (9)).Among hundreds of other prescribable substances, alcohol and opiates should be reduced or avoided at all during pregnancy. Although it is not possible to value all the effects of drugs and alcohol to a full extend on a fetus, it is known that it can be damaging at any time during pregnancy (from conception onwards up to birth, with the first 3 months being particularly vulnerable), causing a variety of health and development p roblems.Babies whose mothers were dependant on opiates or alcohol during their pregnancy are more likely to be smaller, of deject birth weight, premature and at higher risk of the sudden infant death (ACMD, 2003). Additionally the attached mothers affected health and her possibly poor nutrition (high levels of sugar, not enough calcium, proteins, fruits and vegetables) often have an additional negative impact on the fetus physical and psychical development and the babys health.If an unborn is exposed to maternal alcohol abuse, this cannot only lead to the familiar serious impairments related to substance abuse mentioned before, but also to a remarkably common developmental problem known as Foetal Alcohol Syndrome. Foetal Alcohol Syndrome includes a series of potential effects on children such as learning disabilities, heart defects, lower body weight, decreased height, facial deformities, vision and hearing difficulties, convey (Attention Deficit Disorder), ADHD (Attention Defic it Disorder with Hyperactivity), drive disorder and inappropriate behaviour (Dore et al., 1995).Expecting women sharing injection equipment or working as prostitutes to finance their drug use, live with the constant threat of being infected with HIV or hepatitis B for children born to drug dependent mothers who are infected with HIV, hepatitis C or hepatitis B, there is also a remarkably elevated risk to be also infected during pregnancy, birth or while being breastfed (ACMD, 2003).Heavy and extend maternal substance abuse, both opiates and alcohol, will very likely expose the child to the Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, which is a term for a range of problems a newborn may encounter when withdrawing from exposure to narcotics. Typical symptoms include high-pitched and excessively long periods of crying, shivering, sneezing, sweating and temperature, vomiting and diarrhea, feeding difficulties, disturbed sleeping patterns, convulsions,, petulance and hyperactivity, high sensitivity to touch, wild sucking, rapid breathing and cardiac action (Marcory and Harbin, 2000).Despite the chance that appropriate antenatal care from the beginning would increase the accident of a healthy and normal pregnancy and satisfactory development of the fetus, mothers involved with substance dependence often do not seek antenatal care, particularly due to their fear of being stigmatized. (Newcastle Child Protection, 2002).As a baby grows older, the likelihood of experiencing some negative consequences due to its parents substance abuse is not thinned in any way and the impact will vary considerably, depending on several factors such as the childs age and stage of development.The establishment of a decent, confident and warrant relationship to at least one caregiver in the early months has widely been recognized as the foundation of a childs normal development. However, children of substance misusing parents often dumbfound parental unavailability, inconsistent care and conflict ual relationships (ACMD, 2003). A habit often lets a parent focus more on acquiring and using his drugs or alcohol rather than its childrens needs. Intoxication and coping with withdrawals symptoms lead to limited time, attention and emotional unavailability (Kroll and Taylor, 2000).Further, children of drug and alcohol abusers often have to experience an enforced temporary or permanent separation or loss of a parent due to abandonment, hospitalization, imprisonment, treatment, removal or other emergencies (ACMD, 2003). All these points tote up to life-long complicated and insecure attachment.The above-specified problems commonly also affect the nature and quality of parenting, which in turn often naturally results in further difficulties in a childs development (ACMD, 2003). Research proves that many substance abusing parents lack exemplary models for parenting as they have received poor parenting and maltreatment themselves (Keen and Alison, 2001).As dependence on a substance bec omes central, parents are more likely to neglect their children which bears various risks and dangers them, regardless of their age group. Children may be inadequately supervised or left hand completely at home, exposed to preventable accidents and/or injuries (Kroll and Taylor, 2000). But not only children are at risk of accidents, also drugged or drunken adults are exposed to a higher level of self-induced incidents such as falls, forgetting food on the hob or falling asleep with still glowing cigarettes. Parents with an dependance repeatedly also tend to be unable to fulfill their childrens own basic needs so daily hygiene, a balanced diet and general health may suffer as well as stability, routines (such as bedtimes, getting up and out for school) and boundaries (Alison, 2000).Further health risks may be evoke not taking childrens routine health appointments or problems seriously enough or careless disposal and therefore easy access to drugs, bottles, syringes and needles (K roll and Taylor, 2000 Alison, 2000). There is also notable danger for children that have observed their parents using substances, copying them (ACMD, 2003).Girl, 2, dies drinking her mothers methadone (2002)Boy, 2, died after taking parents methadone (2006)Boy, 14, dies after drinking methadone at his aunts flat (2008)Another consequence of parental unavailability is that children are often left alone with daily adult/parental responsibilities such as fondness for their younger siblings, meeting their parents needs, managing finances and household chores (Kroll, 2004). Such additional and inadequate responsibilities may in turn result in the loss of social opportunities and poor academic performance of child- some research gives evidence that children miss school (regularly) by being kept at home due to sympathize with responsibilities and left with little time to socialize.Social isolation becomes more severe as the child grows older and starts to be careful about exposing family life to outsiders and lives in a circle of denial and secrecy due to shame and fear (ACMD, 2003).Misusing drugs or alcohol does not only contribute to negligence but often goes hand and hand with other forms of child abuse and violence at home. The possibility of abuse and child maltreatment is enforced by the likelihood that children may be exposed to a number of possible dangerous strangers or inappropriate carers within their own home (Newcastle Child Protection, 2002). Research also reveals a lower tolerance level and moderate loss of temper associated with substance abuse, causing aggressive behaviour and resulting in violence to appear frequently (Kroll, 2004).Emotional neglect and abuse is also an issue within a parental substance misusing environment. Children often either feel rejected and unloved by their parents as they trim down and spend considerably more time on their destructive habit than with them, or embarrassed and often also guilty (Kroll, 2004). Maintaining an addiction is a financial burden, not only making it difficult to complete household costs, but also regularly leading to criminal activity to buy drugs or alcohol.Children of addicted parents are also more likely to be exposed to early criminal conduct and/or its consequences not infrequently because they have been with a parent while they had been committing a crime (ACMD, 2003). Although parents try and tend to hide their habit from their children, children sooner or later discover it and typically have to deal with it by themselves which usually adds to a variety of already existent behavioural problems due to the mentioned consequences of parental substance abuse children tend to be more aggressive, feel upset or anxious and show anti-social behaviour (ACMD, 2003).Negative parental examples and role models such as drug taking, alcohol abuse, crime, poor living conditions and inappropriate behaviour inevitably can lead a child to view their parents actions as being normal and a pproved so that substance abuse and outrageous conduct by themselves becomes more likely as they enter into their teens and adulthood (ACMD, 2003).Research into child resilience has shown that key protective factors can have an enormous impact on preventing children from being damaged by parental substance misuse. The field of factors includes having a parent not misusing substances, a strong bond with a caring adult and support from extended family (Templeton and Velleman, 2007). Further to mention are a violence-free home, sufficient financial resources and an upstanding support system as well as educational success and involvement in different activities (19?). Working towards personal goals and dreams, taking education or career opportunities or even leaving the parental home are also common strategies to deal with experiencing substance abuse at home (Templeton and Velleman, 2007).Parents generally are aware of the negative consequences and influence on their children, and they often experience a range of impacts as a result of their weakness which moreover will have follow-on affects for their children, for example in their parenting capacity. Many of them have experienced difficult childhoods and were poorly parented themselves in this cases drugs or alcohol are often used to deal with a range of traumas and tension associated (Alison, 2000).PROFESSIONALSIt is the reliableness and function of all genres of professionals and agencies including general practitioners, health visitors, doctors, midwifes, pediatricians, mental health services, family support services, treatment institutions, social services, police, educational settings and voluntary sectors to safeguard and protect children. Safeguarding is equal to apply children safe from harm and abuse both deliberate abuse as well as accidents, bullying and crime and to promote their well-being and development in a healthy and safe environment (HM Government, 2006). Everyone having contact with ch ildren must be aware that it is not acceptable to remain sidelined if a child is in need or risk of harm (Lord Laming, 2003). However, it is noteworthy that each professional recognizes and accepts the limitations of his own roles and values the essential share of others (Keen and Alison, 2001) otherwise everyones duty and the mission to put a childs welfare first soon gets lost and remains no ones responsibility (Inter-Agency Guidelines, (2008).ChallengesWhen encountering parental substance abuse, all professionals face a series of dilemmas, conflicts and tensions in their work with children and adults. They often simply feel un doctord and lack the expertise, skills and training to focus and work effectively with adults and children to the same purpose, and even if they do have the proper training, professionals often just do not see their role in engaging with children or substance misusing parents (Templeton and Velleman, 2007). Professionals interviewed by Taylor and Kroll (20 04) stated one after another that they lack training which covers child safeguarding and protection processes and feel inexperienced to work with children of drug and alcohol users, children in need or risk of harm. Additionally, there seems to be a common confusion among different agencies regarding their individual roles and therefore allocation of clear responsibilities. A large part of these issues lay in the individual and independent development of substance misuse services and child welfare approaches over the last years. While adult treatment services place the substance abusers first and often do not involve existing children, the primary purpose of child protection agencies are solely the children, generally not taking into account parents needs (Colby and Murrell, 1998 in Taylor and Kroll, 2004). But agencies working with children must also take into account the situation and the problems of the respective parents, being aware of the impact parents behaviour have on child ren. At the same time, services for adults must not ignore existing children, so a great cooperation between agencies and services is needed (Templeton and Velleman, 2007). Professionals and agencies have to deal with parents who may bot be easy to engage with, who may not want to cooperate with them, are reluctant to open up, tell the truth or prepare to change (Nottingham City ACPC, 2004). Therefore it can be a challenge to obtain, establish and maintain trusting relationships with either the parents or the effected children (Inter-Agency Guidelines, 2008). On the other hand, families with a drug and/or alcohol problem fear a range of consequences and rejection by opening themselves to professionals, which usually keeps them in a twist of repose and secrecy, thus preventing them access to support and help for themselves or their children (Nottingham City ACPC, 2004). Parents are often reluctant to approach services and seek treatment, have problems to confide in others and reveal their drug and/or alcohol problem as they particularly fear that any disclosure could lead to losing their children and that their family might be treated differently, stigmatized or denied by others (Nottingham City ACPC, 2004). Although confidentiality is a key principle for such agencies, no organization can guarantee it and in some cases, professionals have to share information, especially when a childs welfare is at risk (The Stella Project, 2002).SAFEGUARDING AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKAs mentioned earlier in this article, agencies, services and professionals in touch with children or/and adults who are parents have a variety of responsibilities to safeguard children, assess their needs and promote their welfare. In the United Kingdom, considerable legislative framework exists for this purpose, with the Children Act 1989 and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child as the elementary and reforming pieces of child law. In general, the Children Act (1989) focuses on impr oving childrens lives and demands door-to-door services to all children as well as tailor-made ones for those with additional needs. It also clarifies that if a local authority has reasonable cause to suspect that a child who lives, or is found, in their area is suffering, or is likely to suffer, significant harm, the authority shall make, or cause to be made, such enquiries as they consider necessary to enable them to decide whether they should take any action to safeguard or promote that childs welfare (The Children Act 1989, s47 (1)). The Children Act also provides the legal grounds for the five Every Child Matters (2003) outcomes in law be healthy, die hard safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic well-being.Later the Children Act (2004) implemented a requirement for local authorities and a range of agencies engaging with substance abusing parents to rank first the welfare and safety of their children. Local authorities and agencies are made re sponsible to determine if a child is in need and/or risk and then to take appropriate steps to protect him from (further) significant harm (ACMD, 2003). Further The Children Act (2004) focuses on co-operation to improve and secure the well-being of children. Early awareness and intervention is critical to reduce the numbers of child protection cases but assessment is an immensely complex process. When assessing the welfare of a child, practitioners must work sensitively and child-centred, analysing the parental substance misuse from the childs position to better understand the impact upon his development and life (Lord Laming, 2003).For a more standardized, coordinated, early and practical way to assess childrens individual needs, the Common Assessment manakin (CAF) was designed and forms part of the Every Child Matters (Lord Lamming, 2003). The Department of Health also provides the Framework for the Assessment of Children in Need and their Families, which is based on a more ecolo gical approach. Further, all local authorities are required to have an commonwealth Child Protection Committee to organize and supervise child protection measures. When determining that a child is at risk of significant harm, child protection procedures should immediately be initiated to ensure that the necessary referral is made to the social services (ACMD, 2003).It is crucial that assessment is ongoing and changes are carefully monitored when a parent is in treatment or free from drugs or alcohol dependence it does not necessarily mean that children do not longer suffer from any adverse consequences (Nottingham City ACPC, 2004). Further, if no concerns regarding the well-being of a child are established, professionals should remain in connection with the family and carefully observe them as harmless situations often cursorily change into an unpredictable environment for the child (Newcastle Child Protection, 2002).PROGRESSOver the last years, there has been a wide range of Gove rnment initiatives, programmes, strategies and policies aimed at tackling (parental) substance misuse. The Updated Drug Strategy for England 2002, Models of Care for Alcohol Misusers, the Green Paper on Children at risk, Extended Schools, the Childrens National work Framework, Sure Start and Early faithfulness Centres, mentioned above, are only some examples of key initiatives (ACMD, 2003 The Stella Project, 2002)The Updated Drug Strategy for England in general specifies a variety of actions undertaken by the Government to tackle drug use and restrict the access to Class A (heroin, cocaine) drugs. Further it acknowledges that there is not enough attention given to children of drug dependent adults and thus more focus on helping them as well as addicted mothers is needed.The Models of Care for Alcohol Misusers first effort is to identify, work towards and minimize negative consequences of alcohol abuse on children. In particular, this strategy also addresses abuse and domestic vio lence as the main associated problems with alcohol dependence.The Green Paper on Children at Risk is a strategy addressing a series of key recommendations of the Laming Report and aiming to implement policies to improve the life chances of children.The concept behind the Extended Schools project, initiated by the Department for development and Skills, is that schools could create stronger relationships parents and children, motivate their pupils and so raise standards by offering a wider service such as adult education, health services and childcare.The Childrens National Service Framework main goal is to reduce inequalities in health and social services as well as upgrading the overall standard of such services. The final cause specifically concentrates on the needs of children of drug and alcohol abusers.Sure Start provides different services and support of all kind to all families in more disadvantaged areas and in cases of parental substance misuse, the Sure Start team will se ek advice, refer to and work closely with the relevant practitioners and agencies. Early justice Centres were established to raise childrens welfare and development by working coordinated with other community agencies and offering advice, support, childcare, health services and early learning.With a comprehensive legislative framework already established in the United Kingdom and several initiatives and programmes running, it does not seem especially needed to modify existing legislations or implement new ones or start more projects to protect children effectively. Nevertheless, those already existing must be fully understood and applied by practitioners in all areas, and everyone must clearly understand his responsibilities and those of the others (Lord Lamming, 2003).However, the death of the children Baby P and Victoria Climbi are tragic examples of the failings in the child protection system.Despite considerable commitment and progress made so far, challenges remain in the prot ection of children and their safeguarding as well as in the daily reality of practitioners. The issues mainly call training, adequate levels of staffing, improvement of data systems and information sharing and better coordination and cooperation problematically (Lord Lamming, 2003).REALITYThe exact number of minors suffering under parental substance abuse known to social services is not clearly determined. In 1999, Cleaver et al. estimated that around 25 to 60 percent of all children in child protection minutes were living with a parent having a drug or alcohol problem. A more recent study of 290 child postponement cases in four different London boroughs revealed that 34% (100 families) where affected by substance abuse, resulting in more than 50% of all children in care proceedings and over a third of all children on the child protection files being subjects of parental substance abuse (Forrester and Harwin, 2006). Both researchers also found that most affected children were und er the age of five years.Information sharingAlthough the government set clear guidelines on sharing information with the publication of Information sharing Guidance for practitioners and managers in 2008, breaching confidentiality, information sharing and data protection still remain some o

Importance of Womens Empowerment in India

Importance of Wo custodys authority in IndiaAbstract- In India, The realities of rural behavior in India atomic number 18 difficult to comprehend. We argon now watchmaning a steady melioratement in the enrolment of women in schools, colleges and thus far in profession institutes. Their wellness is better as comp atomic number 18d to front decades. In this decade, women are entering into the job commercialize in increasing numbers field stageing their skills even in non-traditional sectors like police, defence, administration, media and inquiry fields. In the political field, the reservation for women is a signifi smoket step forward towards their political mandate. When thirty-three percent reservations for women in Parliament becomes a candor, womens voice go out be heard in the highest forum of democracy. The day, women of India al scummy reach zenith in their empowerment. People were non allowed to share own property, they did not pick out a carry on in the pr operty of their parents, they had no voting rights, and they had no freedom to choose their work or job and so on. The present seminar has been planned with a apparent horizon to discuss the various issues related to the Empowerment of Women and to suggest measures for achieving this end. In India population according to the 2001 Census, the percentage of female literacy in the kingdom is 54% up from 9% 1951. In order to armed service women to be in popular, they necessary to be empowered. There is a condition for empowerment of women is to the transform a developing country into a developed country. In this paper we are highlighting that in India country womens strength is critical and we explain the critical revalue of women how improve their value experimental condition for somewhat ways.Key language- Economics, Status, NGO, peppiness, improving,CEDAW,IntroductionIn the empowerment of women include many things economic opportunity, cordial equality, and personal rights . Women were deprived of those human rights, often as a matter of tradition. In rural playing fields, women are mainly not perceived to have any meaningful income generation capacity, and hence, they are relegated mainly to ho habithold duties and gaudy labour. We are now witnessing a steady improvement in the enrolment of women in schools, colleges and even in profession institutes. Their health is better as compared to earlier decades. In this decade, women are entering into the job market in increasing numbers. They are showing their skills even in non-traditional sectors like police, defence, administration, media and re look to fields. Twenty-six inhering laws have been enacted so far to protect women from various crimes 7. In particular define empowerment is depend just like that power cannot change if power cannot be change. If this is inherent in neither positions or nor people, then empowerment impossible, nor is empowerment conceivable in any meaningful way. Bookman morgen et.al 5 in 1984 defining that empowerment status of women level on that time, women level on that only born tyke and work at home 4 VARA LAXMI is definition in an article way by A Sustainable glide path for Women Empowerment through Micro-finance, the micro-credit or micro-finance has got much avowed attention among g overnment circles, voluntary sector and the academia. More importantly after the success of Bangladeshs Grameen Bank started by Prof Mahammad Yunus who bestowed with the Nobel Peace prize for 2006, for the efforts to create economic and social development from below. There is also mounting evidence to show that the availability of pecuniary services for low households much(prenominal) as micro-finance -can empower the rural people to achieve their goals and enhance their have a go at its accordingly. It is assumed that womens control over income will lead to change magnitude well-being for women and their children. This private economic empowerment is also assumed to lead to wider social and political empowerment. 8 NGO plays an important for role for change empowerment. This Asian-foundation organization two running program MDG-3 ( gender, Equality and women empowerment) the convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) for women empowerment.CONCEPTIn India, the empowerment process has already begun. For centuries women were not treated equal to men in many ways. While a small minority of people in major cities have benefited from the instruction revolution of the past decade, the lives of most people in rural India (over 650 million) have hardly improved. Now that we have come out of those dark days of subjugation of women in that location is a need for strong movement to fight for the rights of women and to ensure that they get all the rights which men have or in other words a movement for the Empowerment of Women. Twenty-six laws have been enacted so far to protect women from various crimes. These are very positive signs which imply that women can be leaders. Though some women have shown their mettle yet a large number of them have to sharpen their leadership qualities in various ways. The recent law on the protection of women against domestic violence satisfies the long pending demand of the women activities. But a lot of work has to be d angiotensin converting enzyme as there is a category of women (who consider themselves highly educated) that proudly accepts that they dont have digital literacy even though they own a computer, they cannot even operate bank accounts or make travel arrangements for family or handle hospital admissions even during emergencies. Even for a simple task like social visits or shopping by and large they need the company of their husbands. Women should remember that they are also rational, intelligent and thinking human beings. Dependent women are not empowered women. If modern women think that they are empowered, its a myth for them . Empowerment means to inspire women with the courage to break free from the chains of limiting beliefs, patterns and societal or religious conditions that have traditionally kept women suppressed and unable to realize their true beauty and power.Different Levels of EmpowermentIn line with most theorists on empowerment the wiz has to keep an eye on empowerment as taking place on different levels and that change on all levels is necessary if the empowerment of women is really to occur. We have to relate empowerment at three levels empowerment on the individual, group, and societal/community level and the interaction between these.The individual level deals with individual womens abilities to take control over their lives, their perceptions about their own value and abilities, their abilities to identify a goal and work towards this goal.The group level deals with the collective action and sense of agency that woman accept together, in a group.The societal level deals with the perm issiveness of the political and social clime, the societal norms and the public discourse on what is possible and impossible for women to do, how women should behave and so onThe different levels are seen as connected and mutually reinforcing, e.g. when empowerment on individual level occurs, this will have effect on the group and societal level. Women who are empowered on an individual level will most likely go on and affect the other levels. Empowerment on a group level e.g. women organizing around a particular need is likely to have effect on the individual empowerment of the women in the form of increased self esteem and sense of agency.Historical Background of Women Empowerment in IndiaThe status of Women in India has been subject to many great changes over the past a couple of(prenominal) millenniums. In early Vedic period Women enjoyed equal status with men. Rigved Upanishads mention several names of women sages and seers notably Gargi Matre. However after the status of women began to devolve approximately from 500 B.C., the situation worsened with invasion of Mughals and later on by European invaders. Few improvement movements by Guru Nanak, Jainism, Raja ram Mohan Rai, Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Pandita Ramabai and others did let out some relief. It is not that Britishers didnt do anything for improving the condition of women. Some laws were enacted such an Abolition of practice of Sati, Widow Remarriage Act 1856 etc.Feminist activism picked up momentum in India during later 1970s. Later on many groups and NGOs have been working for the Empowerment of women. We are proud that in India Women got voting right much before USA and some other European countries.Empowerment of Women in Rural India TodayThe realities of rural lifespan in India are difficult to comprehend. While a small minority of people in major cities have benefited from the data revolution of the past decade, the lives of most people in rural India (over 650 million) have hardly improved. A volume of liquidations do not have sustainable economies, and only through oppression of women and lower castes can the wreaklords, upper castes, and politics officials support a better life for themselves. Private initiatives are lacking as the government, to preserve its power, has placed obstacles and disincentives at every step. For example, modern healthcare for all of rural India is a free government service, nevertheless the reality is that the delivery of primary health care has failed miserably. A number of charitable institutions and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have played a positive role, often support by government grants and foreign donations 2. NGO, s and civil society at large in order to use the research document as a springboard to launch a sustained advocacy strategy to achieve the MDG-3 target of 33% of women in parliament. Our operating premise is that improving, economic and political opportunities for women improve societies as a who le. The foundation seeks to identify change agents build constituencies for reform around key issues affecting womens states and promote internal efforts to identify and solve problems 8.Empowerment of women involves many things economic opportunity, social equality, and personal rights. Women are deprived of these human rights, often as a matter of tradition. In rural areas, women are generally not perceived to have any meaningful income generation capacity, and hence, they are relegated mainly to household duties and cheap labour. Without the power to work and earn a impregnable income, their voices are silenced. Even in matters of sex and child bearing, women often do not have the ability to oppose the wishes of their men.Birth control and reproductive health of women are behavioural issues affected mostly by economics, access to health care, and education. Until this reality is accepted, the desired changes may not be attainable in the predictable future.In a society where me n control the destiny of women, how is it possible to empower women? Simply encouraging women to resist the wishes of men would not only fail, but would create mistrust of any goodwill attempts from the outside to help rural communities. Women will gain power only when both men and women begin to consider and accept the contribution of women. Developing womens capacity for income generation without threatening men is key.Two Stories (First story)First story based on The George Foundation placed in Bangalore, India and founded in 1995, was established to help alleviate poverty, promote health and a clean environment, and to strengthen democratic institutions and values in India. We have come to go to bed of the following two events, among many others, in the course of our work with the families of the children in our boarding school, Shanti Bhavan. The prime(prenominal) case involves a young pretty mother who was animated with her son in a small hut. Her husband had earlier aband oned her, and she was not able to return to her parents as they considered her unworthy. One morning, she accompanied two men from the city who promised employment for her in the Middle East following an inter consider at an office somewhere, only to be gang raped and then returned to her village after a some days. Her absence was noticed by her neighbours, who blamed her for the outcome and accused her for the separation from her husband. Feeling shame, and finding that she could no longer live in the community, she right herself on fire with kerosene.Second storyThe second story is about a middle-aged woman whose husband had more than one wife, a common practice in rural India though not officially allowed. One of his wives contracted AIDS somehow, and while her illness had become generally known, he keep upd to have sexual relationship with his other wives. He made no effort to medically test or to take passable protection measures for himself or his other women, and soon all involved contracted the disease. These two real life stories represent the endless number of lives lost from ignorance, the low status of women and their inability to control their destiny.Some example work improving reason for failureDharmapuri District in Tamil Nadu State, India, has been identified as one of the most backward districts in the nation in terms of health and development. This District is remote and the project described below is carried out in an area about 24 kilometres from the come onest city, Hosur. Infrequent and irregular public transport hinders quick access to government emergency health services. Education facilities are hold to government primary schools of vile quality, and the nearest high school is located 10-15 kilometres from many of the villages served by The George Foundations projects 1.Reason In Dharmapuri District the Foundation has attempted to help the development of a model community consisting of several villages that prosper from sust ainable and integrated economic activities. Health and education facilities are being renovated, and economic opportunities are being shared, especially among the socially disadvantaged castes and women 1. In this article Transitioning from a command and control culture to employee empowerment requires a commitment to long-term change. similarly often, management fads and quick fixes in the name of empowerment have been implemented rather than relevant changes in management remainss, structures, and cultural values. To be successful, empowerment essential be seen as a long-term program of employee participation and involve-ment.but this type of program cannot run for long time 10.Why is there still a Need for Women Empowerment?In spite of the various measures taken up by the government after Independence and even during British rule the Women havent been amply empowered. We may be proud of women in India occupying highest offices of chairperson, Prime Minister, Lok Sabha Speake r, Sonia Gandhi, and Leader of the Opposition or women like Ms. Chandra Kochar occupying highest positions in the Corporate Sector but the fact form that we still witness dowry deaths, domestic violence and exploitation of women. Some create history in space sport like Sunita Williams Saina Nehwal, Sania Mirza Anju Bobby George The female feticide is common phenomenon. The male female ratio though improved over last few years is still far from satisfactory. It is 940 women per 1000 men for India in some states it is as much lower as 877. These are the states where female feticide is maximum. The female literacy rate is also lower than the male literacy rate. The ground reality is deprivation, duration and exploitation of women specially women from rural areas and those belong to deprived sectors of the society. The Urban lite class women have no doubt been benefitted by the efforts of women empowerment.IV. Way of Improving Empowerment of poor women in IndiaThe World Bank has bee n the major source of external funding through loans to governments (never directly to private institutions) for specific projects. Very few projects have ever met their goals in fact, most rural projects have been dismal failures. Unbearable bureaucracy, terrible inefficiency, and corruption at all levels of the government have supererogatory much of the money allocated to rural development. Furthermore, the local officials who manage projects that target women do not themselves believe in the potential of women. Yet the process continues, without an alternative. International agencies continue to pour money into these programs, only to benefit the middlemen. Clearly, a new approach is required to have an impact on the lives of women in rural India, and to ultimately help stabilize population growth 1. In this article the people empowering People (PEP) program uses the definition of empowerment to connect research, theory and practice. The PEP program builds on theory of critical adult education developed by Friere (1970), Horton (1989), and others. The focus is on the connection between individual action and community action encourages individual change through training sessions and discussions and supporting action through participants give people the opportunities, resources and support that they need to become involved themselves 7. Nanette Page review in own article about PEP, empowerment as a multi-dimensional social process that helps people gain control over their own lives. In PEP as in we strive to teach people skills and knowledge that will motivate them to take steps to improve their own lives-to be empowered 3. President Pratibha Patil said that women empowerment is of utmost importance if we want womens progress. He said Creating the environment which imparts equal status to women in family, society and country is the sole spring behind various facets of programmes being run for women empowerment. We have to work towards making them able to ta ke their own decisions, .Stressing on the importance of education, the President said, Education is the first tool of empowerment. Right to Education, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyaan have ensured that education is available to children between the age group of six and 14. Be it a boy or lady friend, every child must get education. It is these educated women who can in turn educate other women and teach them independence and self-confidence 9. In this report develop the empowerment improving mater from Financial Inclusion. MasterCard embarked on an initiative to further the process of womens empowerment in the country in partnership with SEWA (Self Employed Womens Association). SEWA is a tip Indian organization that works towards helping women in securing employment opportunities, empowering them to be self-reliant with supportive services. I had the unique privilege of participating in SEWAs activities and witness their success first hand at the recent inauguration of the seventh Rural Urba n using Initiative (RUDI) processing centre at Bodeli, near Vadodara, Gujarat supported by MasterCard. Through this program we will provide full-time employment opportunities for women in 100 adjoining villages to begin with and will expand to a catchment of 300 to 500 villages in Gujarat. This will help benefit approximately 2,000 farmers and 400 SEWA members 11.Womens Economic Empowerment through Co-operative Farming, Vocational Training Business DevelopmentDue to the lack of specific implementation plans and faulty representations, local communities have not adequately accepted government and private schemes for the upliftment of women. Women have not actively participated in their own emancipation due to their lack of economic independence and rampant illiteracy. Therefore, The George Foundation decided to address this important issue of womens empowerment in India by raising the status of women in Hosur Taluk through economic empowerment and education.Krishnagiri District is the most backward district in Tamil Nadu. In the geographic location selected, there are no high schools, no private schools, inadequate primary health sub-centres, and no NGOs. Roads, water supply, drainage and communication mesh topology are inadequate to augment economic development. Fragmented land holdings are not conducive to commercial farming. Child labour is rampant in this socially backward area. Population statistics of our country clearly indicate that quality education is out of the reach of the poor and marginalized irrespective of their innate potential. Women are often utilize by their communities. They have very little voice and no knowledge or means of improving their social and economic status.In the villages of the area, the caste system is deeply entrenched. The lower caste colonies are ostracized and basic facilities are denied to them. Female infanticide is a common practice and women are punished socially for bearing girlChildren Gender biases are very evid ent in the preferential treatment given to the male child.Rain-dependent agriculture, home-based animal husbandry, silkworm rearing and brick making are the main income generating activities. Fisheries, horticulture and industries have been established in a few select areas such as Dharmapuri, Krishnagiri and House. Rural folk find it difficult to travel to these cities in search of jobs. The average family income level is below the poverty line.One of the popular schemes employed by several NGOs, and supported by some international and bilateral agencies, is the supposed micro-finance or small loans that usually range up to $100 (Rs. 5,000) per woman to start some form of business. Notable successes have been recorded, and the program has received colossal world attention. Most poor women entrepreneurs are said to have been able to make their businesses successful, and repay the loan. However, our experience in this area with lower caste poor women has been somewhat different.Poo r women, especially from backward communities and lower castes, are mostly illiterate, untrained, and have very little social and economic status. In India, there are over 350 million such people, mainly in rural areas. The unemployed are nearly 200 million people, a great majority of them belonging to these deprived sections of the society. Without meaningful skills, social status, and economic power, they are unable to do any business on their own even with financial assistance.To start even a small rural business, it takes no less than $500. According to some studies conducted by the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India, Ahmadabad, the average capital need for a single small business is in excess of Rs. 1 lakh ($2,000). Further, the chance of making any business successful is very small the odds are barely 1 in hundred for an educated person. Uneducated lower caste rural women find it almost impossible to starting any such entrepreneurial work without adequate capita l, proper training, and on-site daily support.Based on our ensureing of the problem faced in our rural community, we have devised a scheme for empowering poor and socially deprived women. The key ingredients of this program can be summarized as followsAdequate training in an area where the women have natural abilities and understanding (for example, farming and cattle rearing)Use of superior technology to obtain better output and higher(prenominal) profits (modern farming techniques, such as use of proper fertilizers, deep ploughing, drip irrigation, etc.)Creation of financial assets through savings (from profits generated from sale of produce, over and above wages received)Ownership of physical assets (use of financial assets to buying cultivable land acre per family)Sharing of resources such as wells, tractor, etc. among several farmersProvide a support system that addresses concerns, difficulties, know-how, etc.Access to information and markets (knowing what high-value crop to grow and when, which markets offer higher prices on a given day, tie up export contracts, etc.)Only when these requirements can be met, we believe poor illiterate rural women can be expected to turn into entrepreneurs.The George Foundation has purchased/least 250 acres of land. An executive committee composed of representatives of The George Foundation, village panchayats, and agricultural consultants has been formed. on a lower floor its direction, the soil is being prepared for crop cultivation. Superior seeds of selected crops have been purchased. The panchayats members are highly motivated about this project.People from the surrounding villages is participating in the preparation of the land for farming. This program will be expanded to cover the neighbouring state of Karnataka in its later stages.Members of the village panchayats, the village administrative ships officer and the block development officer have been with the project from its planning stage. The geographic comm unity and the community of beneficiaries, particularly poor rural women, were involved in planning and implementation of the project.Changing brotherly Institutions to Improve the Status of Women in Developing CountriesFigure 1 highlight how social institutions affect the economic role of women, i.e. their chances to have access to the labour market and to better paid and more qualified jobs such as professional workers, technicians, administrators and managers. Social institutions can exert their influence in two ways. Traditions, customs and social norms can constrain womens activities directly by not allowing them to start their own businesses, by refusing them jobs that involve contact with or managing men, or by simply not allowing them to leave the home alone. All these direct factors lead to an exclusion of women from entrepreneurial activities that are often the first step towards independence, self-esteem and liberty of choices. Morrison and Jutting (2004) analyze empiri cally the relationships between social institutions and the economic role of women. They measure the depth of discrimination caused by social institutions with economic (ECO) and non-economic (NON-ECO) indicators (for explanation, see Box 1). They find that the higher the value for ECO and NON-ECO variables the lower the probability that women will play an active role in the economy. A further econometric analysis puts into question the widely believed view that a rise in income will generally facilitate womens access to the labour market 2.Figure-1ConclusionsThe Empowerment of women has become one of the most important Concerns of twenty-first century not only at national level but also at the international level. Efforts by the Govt. are on to ensure Gender equality but Government initiatives alone would not be sufficient to achieve this goal. Society must take initiative to create a climate in which there is no gender discrimination and Women have full opportunities of Self decis ion making and participating in the Social, Political and Economic life of the Country with a sense of equality. Then only the Vedic verse Wherever Women is respected, God resides there would come true. The best gift parents today can give to their daughters is education. If women choose to be ignorant then all the efforts taken by the Government and women activists will go in vain. Even in twenty-fifth century, they will remain backward and will be paying a heavy price for their dependence, so, it is a wake-up call for women to awake from their deep slumber and understand the true meaning of their empowerment. In the end I would like to conclude with the following words, Women as the motherhood of the nation should be strong, aware and alert.Despite the difficulties that are likely to be encountered, we believe it is possible to bring about major improvements to the lives of women in rural India. Well-planned and properly managed private initiatives can succeed in empowering women, provided the approach taken is sufficiently holistic. The time has come to go beyond small pilot projects that hardly ever lead to major undertakings. There has been much gratis(p) suffering for too long by a majority of the worlds population. It would be a noble and worthwhile effort to prove the concept on a large scale, probably for several million people in an area. That would require considerable organizational skills and management talent, with a clear focus on accomplishing set goals in a time-bound fashion. The success of such a program would be the model that international funding agencies and philanthropic institutions can build upon, and serve as a departure to the failed policies and programs of the past.

The World Turned Upside Down :: essays research papers

When the Europeans established colonies in the New World, they soughtto convert the Indians way of civilization. Their obsession was tospread Christianity and their culture throughout in all of the coloniesincluding the Indian villages. Some Indian people accepted thesetraditions because they felt as if they had no where else to turn. Whenthe settlers invaded the newly land they brought with them many diseaseswhich wiped out many Indian villages and tribes. The Indians besides had ahard term excepting the invasions on new territories, which led to manywars. This resulted in a large decrease of the Indian population, sosome Indians sour to Cristianity and other European traditions. Onthe otherhand, many Indians insisted that European beliefs should existonly amongst themselves. They had no business trying to introduce a newreligion when the Indians traditions arrest been practiced for years.The Indians during this time were forced to accept the Europeansestablishing new territo ries, even if they did not belong to them. Asthe Indian populations continued to decrease, some Indians intermarriedwith the Europeans and even the Africans to try and encouragement the populationonce again. This of course produced mixed children who were confusedand could not decide which culture they would accept. This mix ofpeople changed the ways of living for the Native Americans as strong asthe Europeans throughout early America.It is obvious to me that land was the largest reason for war among theIndians and the Europeans. It was simple the Indians did not want togive up their land that they had claimed for so many years to a bunch ofirrogant settlers who take what ever they want. The English felt thatGod had granted them the land and the Indians should be removed.However, the Native Americans also wanted something from the newcolonists, trade. The American Indians were great hunters who collectedmany furs that were valuable trade products. After time some Indiantribes grew in debt with the settlers and the only way they could paytheir debts is by giving them land. That is where the Europeans and theIndians attitudes differ over land. The Indians were willing tosometimes negotiate about certain territories, where most of theEuropeans were going to take the land whether the Indians were going tocooperate or not. Battles often broke out when larger Indian tribesfelt they could fight for their land. Sometimes they were able todefeat the English in battles, but most of the time they were outnumbered. During this time the English were very greety.

Dont Talk To Cops :: essays research papers

Dont Talk to Cops"GOOD MORNING My name is investigator Holmes. Do you mind answering a some simple questions?" If you open your door one day and are greeted with thosewords, STOP AND THINK Whether it is the local police or the FBI at your door,you have accredited legal rights of which you ought to be aware before you proceedany further.In the first place, when law enforcement authorities come to see you,there are no "simple questions". Unless they are investigating a trafficaccident, you can be sure that they want information about somebody. And thatsomebody may be you formula number one to remember when confronted by the authorities is thatthere is no law requiring you to talk with the police, the FBI, or therepresentative of any other investigative agency. purge the simplest questionsmay be loaded and the seemingly harmless bits of information which you volunteermay later become vital links in a strand of circumstantial evidence against youor a friend.DO NOT INV ITE THE INVESTIGATOR INTO YOUR HOMESuch an invitation not only gives him the opportunity to look roughly forclues to your lifestyle, friends, admiting material, etc., but also tends toprolong the conversation. The longer the conversation, the more chance there isfor a skill investigator to find out what he wants to know. some times a police officer will ask you to accompany him to the policestation to answer a few questions. In that case, simply convey him for theinvitation and indicate that you are not disposed to accept it at this time.Often the authorities simply want to photograph a person for identificationpurposes, a procedure which is easily accomplished by placing him in a privateroom with a two-way mirror at the station, asking him a few innocent questions,and then releasing him.If the investigator becomes angry at your failure to cooperate andthreatens you with arrest, stand firm. He cannot legally place you infra arrestor enter your home without a warrent signed by a judge. If he indicates that hehas such a warrent, ask to see it. A person under arrest, or located on premisesto be searched, generally must be shown a warrent if he requests it and must begiven to chance to read it.Without a warrent, an officer depends solely upon your helpfulness toobtain the information he wants. So, unless you are quite sure of yourself,dont be helpful.Probably the wisest approach to take to a persistant investigator is